The intent of the bibliography is to assist in identifying methods and procedures helpful in supporting the development, testing, application, and validation of alternatives to the use of vertebrates in biomedical research and toxicology testing.
This bibliography is produced from MEDLINE database searches, performed and analyzed by subject experts from the Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) of the Specialized Information Services Division (SIS) of the National Library of Medicine (NLM).
The purpose of these bibliographies on "animal alternatives" is to provide a survey of the literature in a format which facilitates easy scanning. This bibliography includes citations from published articles, books, book chapters, and technical reports. Citations to items in non-English languages are indicated with [ ] around the title. The language is also indicated. Citations with abstracts or annotations relating to the method are organized under subject categories. This publication features citations which deal with methods, tests, assays or procedures which may prove useful in establishing alternatives to the use of intact vertebrates. Citations are selected and compiled through searching various computerized on-line bibliographic databases of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. The focus of the bibliography is to assist in identifying methods and procedures helpful in supporting the development, testing, application, and validation of alternatives to the use of vertebrates in biomedical research and toxicology testing.

The intent of the bibliography is to assist in identifying methods and procedures helpful in supporting the development, testing, application, and validation of alternatives to the use of vertebrates in biomedical research and toxicology testing.
This bibliography is produced from MEDLINE database searches, performed and analyzed by subject experts from the Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) of the Specialized Information Services Division (SIS) of the National Library of Medicine (NLM).
The purpose of these bibliographies on "animal alternatives" is to provide a survey of the literature in a format which facilitates easy scanning. This bibliography includes citations from published articles, books, book chapters, and technical reports. Citations to items in non-English languages are indicated with [ ] around the title. The language is also indicated. Citations with abstracts or annotations relating to the method are organized under subject categories. This publication features citations which deal with methods, tests, assays or procedures which may prove useful in establishing alternatives to the use of intact vertebrates. Citations are selected and compiled through searching various computerized on-line bibliographic databases of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. The focus of the bibliography is to assist in identifying methods and procedures helpful in supporting the development, testing, application, and validation of alternatives to the use of vertebrates in biomedical research and toxicology testing.