From NeuroLex
The table below is automatically generated by a query that extracts the definitions from classes that are children of the class "Regional part of brain". There are 412 brain regions here.
- A complete list of all brain regions in NeuroLex is available here.
| Label | Id | Synonym | Definition | ExternallySourcedDefinition | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abducens nerve fibers | Abducens nerve fibers | birnlex_1689 | Nerve fibers arising from motor neurons in the abducens nucleus that are contained within the pontine tegmentum | ||
| Abducens nucleus | Abducens nucleus | birnlex_1366 | Nucleus of the abducent nerve | Nucleus located beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle in the pontine tegmentum, containing motor neurons innervating the lateral rectus muscle of the eye (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 533) | |
| Accessory abducens nucleus | Accessory abducens nucleus | nlx_144454 | A small cluster of neurons in the pontine reticular formation in some mammals, containing the majority of motoneurons innervating the retractor bulbi muscles of the eye | ||
| Accessory medullary lamina | Accessory medullary lamina | birnlex_1626 | accessory medullar lamina of pallidum incomplete medullary lamina of globus pallidus |
Thin bundle of myelinated axons that divides the medial pallidal segment into outer and inner portions (Carpenter, Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 3rd ed., 1985, pg. 303). | |
| Accessory nerve fiber bundle | Accessory nerve fiber bundle | birnlex_916 | accessory nerve fibers | Fibers of the accessory nerve (11th cranial nerve) contained within the medulla | |
| Adenohypophysis | Adenohypophysis | birnlex_1581 | anterior lobe of pituitary | The adenohypophysis, which consists of the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland, contains several types of endocrine cells, which secrete systemic hormones such as adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), GH, LH/FSH, TSH and prolactin in response to hypothalamus-derived releasing hormones (PMID: 22080957). | * The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION. (MSH) * The glandular or anterior lobe of the pituitary gland which secretes several hormones. (NCI) |
| Aggregate regional part of brain | Aggregate regional part of brain | nlx_anat_20090509 | A regional part of brain consisting of multiple brain regions that are not related through a simple volummetric part of hierarchy, e.g., basal ganglia. | ||
| Alveus | Alveus | birnlex_1510 | Layer of white matter in hippocampus lying just deep to the stratum oriens layer, continuous with the fimbria of the hippocampus | ||
| Amygdala | Amygdala | birnlex_1241 | amygdaloid nucleus amygdaloid body archistriatum Amygdaloid complex |
Subcortical brain region lying anterior to the hippocampal formation in the temporal lobe and anterior to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle in some species. It is usually subdivided into several groups. Functionally, it is not considered a unitary structure (MM). | |
| Angular gyrus | Angular gyrus | birnlex_1376 | Part of inferior parietal lobule formed by the cortex surrounding the upturned end of the superior temporal sulcus (Nolte, The Human Brain, 6th ed, 2009, pg 659) | ||
| Ansa lenticularis | Ansa lenticularis | nlx_87326 | White matter bundle containing part of the projection of the globus pallidus to the thalamus, forming a compact, conspicuous bundle running beneath the internal capsule and hooking around its medial edge (Nolte, The Human Brain, 6th ed., 2009, pg 659) | ||
| Ansoparamedian fissure | Ansoparamedian fissure | nlx_anat_20081256 | Fissura Inferior Posterior Fissura Ansoparamedianus |
Fissure between cerebellar hemispheric lobules VIIBi and VIIBii. | |
| Antenna lobe of Manduca | Antenna lobe of Manduca | nlx_151563 | Manduca is a moth genus of the Sphingidae (hawkmoth) family. The Carolina Sphinx (Manduca sexta) is often used in biological research. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manduca | ||
| Anterior cingulate cortex | Anterior cingulate cortex | birnlex_936 | anterior cingulate | The frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a collar form around the corpus callosum. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray727.svg | |
| Anterior commissure anterior part | Anterior commissure anterior part | birnlex_969 | The part of the anterior commissure that contains fibers interconnecting the anterior olfactory nucleus in each hemisphere. The fibers extend from the commissural region of the anterior commissure anteriorly into the olfactory bulb. Within the commissural portion, the fibers lie in the anterior portion, but cannot be easily distinguished from the posterior fibers on gross dissection. (Adapted from Heimer, 1996) | ||
| Anterior commisure | Anterior commisure | nlx_144088 birnlex_1557 |
A forebrain white matter structure consisting of a large fiber bundle, connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the middle line, located in front of the columns of the fornix. On sagittal section it is oval in shape, its long diameter being vertical and measuring about 5 mm. Its fibers can be traced lateralward and backward on either side beneath the corpus striatum into the substance of the temporal lobe. It serves in this way to connect the two temporal lobes, but it also contains decussating fibers from the olfactory tracts. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_commissure) | ||
| Anterior horn of lateral ventricle | Anterior horn of lateral ventricle | birnlex_1279 | Part of the lateral ventricle that extends anteriorly into the frontal lobes, bordered by the head of the caudate nucleus on the lateral side (Adapted from Heimer, 1996) | ||
| Anterior limb of internal capsule | Anterior limb of internal capsule | nlx_144257 | Portion of internal capsule lying between the lenticular nucleus and the head of the caudate nucleus. | ||
| Anterior nuclear group | Anterior nuclear group | birnlex_1692 | anterior nucleus of thalamus nuclei anterior thalami nuclei thalamicus anterior nuclei anteriores thalami nuclei anteriores (thalami) anterior thalamus anterior thalamic nuclei |
Mostly gray regional part of anterior thalamic region, consisting of the anterior medial, anterior dorsal and anterior lateral thalamic nuclei in primates. In rodents, it consists of anterior medial and anterior ventral divisions, with several subdivisions of each, according to Paxinos (MM: 2006-10-26) | |
| Anterior nucleus of hypothalamus | Anterior nucleus of hypothalamus | birnlex_1226 | Anterior hypothalamic area | Loose heterogeneous collection of cells in the anterior hypothalamus, continuous rostrally with the medial and lateral preoptic areas and caudally with the tuber cinereum. (MSH) | |
| Anterior olfactory nucleus | Anterior olfactory nucleus | birnlex_1085 | Laminated structure lying caudal to the olfactory bulb | ||
| Anterior perforated substance | Anterior perforated substance | birnlex_1096 | substantia perforata anterior | Regional part of telencephalon lying on the basal surface and bounded by the olfactory trigone rostrally, the diagonal band medially and caudally and the prepiriform cortex laterally. It is characterized by many perforations caused by small blood vessels entering the gray matter (Meyer et al., J. Comp. Neurol 284: 405, 1989). | |
| Aplysia buccal ganglia | Aplysia buccal ganglia | nlx_152072 | This ganglia mediates feeding behavior. Neurons within this ganglia produce either ingestion or rejection rhythmic patterned activity. | ||
| Arbor Vitae | Arbor Vitae | nlx_anat_20090101 | The white matter contained within the cerebellum, lying deep to the granule cell layer in the cerebellar cortex, excluding the parts of the cerebellar peduncles that extend outside of the cerebellum. The deep cerebellar nuclei are embedded within the arbor vitae. | ||
| Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus | Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus | birnlex_1638 | arcuate periventricular nucleus Infundibular hypothalamic nucleus arcuate nucleus |
A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma. (MSH) | |
| Area postrema | Area postrema | birnlex_2636 | * A small, rounded eminence on each side of the FOURTH VENTRICLE, which receives nerve fibers from the SOLITARY NUCLEUS; SPINAL CORD; and adjacent areas of the MEDULLA. The area postrema lies outside the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor. (MSH) * one of the ventricular organs, a highly vascular mound of tissue along the margin of the caudal part of the fourth ventricle; consists of many large capillaries, many glial, and some small nerve cells; receives fibers directly from the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves; its efferent fibers go directly to the nucleus solitarius and the parabrachial nuclei and indirectly to other areas; it lies outside of the blood brain barrier and appears to function as a chemoreceptor trigger zone for emesis. (CSP) | ||
| Area prostriata of DMVH2003 | Area prostriata of DMVH2003 | nlx_149262 | Cytoarchitecturally defined region within the isthmus of the cingulate cortex located posterior to the parasubiculum of the isthmus, bordering area 17 posteriorly, further divided into an anterior and posterior portion based on cytoarchitectureal and immunocytochemical criteria | ||
| Banks of superior temporal sulcus | Banks of superior temporal sulcus | birnlex_862 | Component of the temporal lobe, lateral aspect. The rostral boundary is the superior temporal gyrus and the caudal boundary the middle temporal gyrus. Within the FreeSurfer definition, this reflects primarily the posterior aspect of the superior temporal sulcus (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Barrel | Barrel | nlx_333 | A cytoarchitectural unit of the barrel cortex characterized in Nissl preparations a dense ring of cell bodies which has, roughly, the shape of a circle or an ellipsoid. As originally described by Woolsey and Van der Loos, this ring represents the side of the barrel and surrounds an area of lower cell density which they named the hollow. Each barrel is separated from its neighbors by a clear, nearly acellular area termed the septum. In tangentially oriented sections, a septum can be seen to separate a barrel from its neighbors. | ||
| Barrel cortex | Barrel cortex | nlx_81 | Barrel field | The term primary somatosensory area, barrel field refers to one of 6 subdivisions of the primary somesthetic area of the cerebral cortex in the mouse (Dong-2004) and the rat (Swanson-2004). It is defined as dark-staining regions in Nissl and other types of stains of layer four of the somatosensory cortex of rodents where somatosensory inputs from the contralateral side of the body come in from the thalamus, in particular input from the whiskers. Each barrel ranges in size from 100-400 um in diameter. (modified from BrainInfo and Wikipedia) | |
| Barrington's nucleus | Barrington's nucleus | nlx_144457 | pontine micturition center | collection of cell bodies located in the rostral pons in the brainstem involved in the supraspinal regulation of micturition (urination). The PMC makes connections with other brain centers to control micturition, including the medial frontal cortex, insular cortex, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray (PAG). The PAG in particular acts a relay station for ascending bladder information from the spinal cord and incoming signals from higher brain areas (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontine_micturition_center) | |
| Basal forebrain | Basal forebrain | birnlex_1560 | A region of the brain consisting of ventral and rostral subcortical regions of the telencephalon, including among others, the basal ganglia, septal nuclei, amygdala, ventral pallidum, substantia innominata, and basal nucleus of Meynert. | The term basal forebrain refers to a "heterogeneous set of structures on the medial and ventral cerebral hemisphere." It comprises the substantia innominata, basal nucleus, anterior perforated substance, islands of Calleja and overlying parts of the striatum and globus pallidus. It extends caudally into pars reticulata of the substantia nigra and rostrally includes the nucleus accumbens, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of stria terminalis and septal nuclei (Mai-2004). | |
| Basal ganglia | Basal ganglia | birnlex_826 | Subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. | ||
| Basal ganglia of rodent | Basal ganglia of rodent | nlx_65680 | rodent basal ganglia | The basal ganglia of the rodent | |
| Basal nuclear complex | Basal nuclear complex | birnlex_1629 | basal nuclei of the forebrain Basal ganglia basal nuclei |
The deep nuclei of telencephalic origin found in the basal region of the forebrain, The deep nuclei found in the basal forebrain. Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. (MeSH definition of Basal Ganglia in UMLS). | |
| Basal nucleus | Basal nucleus | birnlex_1107 | Nucleus basalis Magnocellular basal nucleus Nucleus basalis of Meynert Ch4 magnocellular corticopetal cell complex |
One of four major groupings of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain containing neurons that project widely to the cortex and amygdala (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 3rd ed, 2005, pg 488) | |
| Basolateral nuclear complex | Basolateral nuclear complex | birnlex_2679 | basolateral nuclear group vicarious cortex pars basolateralis (Corpus amygdaloideum) amygdalar basolateral nucleus amygdaloid basolateral complex deep nuclei basolateral nucleus of the amygdala |
A set of amygdalar nuclei comprising the lateral nucleus (LA), the basal nucleus (BA), and the accessory basal nuclei (ABN). These nuclei are bordered laterally by the external capsule and medially by the central amygdalar nucleus as well as the amygdalohippocampal area. This definition refers to the rat Basolateral nuclear complex. | |
| Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis oval nucleus | Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis oval nucleus | nlx_77783 | Part of bed nucleus of stria terminalis, comprising a distinct, large, egg-shaped collection of neurons that, together with the juxtacapsular (Ju) and rhomboid (Rh) nuclei, encompass the anterolateral area of the BST (Ju and Swanson, 1989) | ||
| Bed nucleus of stria terminalis | Bed nucleus of stria terminalis | birnlex_724 | bed nucleus stria terminalis (Johnson) interstitial nucleus of stria terminalis intercalate nucleus of stria terminalis bed nucleus of the stria terminalis nucleus of the stria terminalis bed nuclei of the stria terminalis |
Nucleus defined on the basis of Nissl stain whose cells are embedded in, and surround the stria terminalis at its rostral extreme, where it splits into multiple bundles directed ventrally toward different parts of the hypothalamus. The nucleus wraps around the anterior commissure. It is bounded laterally by the internal capsule, medially by the lateral septal nucleus and the anterior column of the fornix, and dorsally by the head of the caudate nucleus and the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle. Some authors have expanded the definition on the basis of other stains and connectivity studies to include cell groups distributed through the dorsal part of substantia innominata between the classical nucleus and the amygdala. The extended nucleus of stria terminalis by that definition is classified as part of the extended amygdala ( Olmos-2004 ). The nucleus is found in the human, the macaque, the rat and the mouse. Adapted from Brain Info. | |
| Body of caudate nucleus | Body of caudate nucleus | birnlex_1217 | Part of caudate nucleus lying just dorsal to the thalamus | ||
| Body of fornix | Body of fornix | birnlex_739 | Part of fornix adjacent to the crura where they join together at the midline underneath the corpus callosum | ||
| Body of lateral ventricle | Body of lateral ventricle | birnlex_1287 | central part of lateral ventricle | Part of lateral ventricle consisting of the central portion that lies dorsally, bounded by the thalamus on the ventral side (Adapted from Heimer, 1996) | |
| Brachium of superior colliculus | Brachium of superior colliculus | birnlex_1065 | superior quadrigeminal brachium superior brachium |
Bundle of fibers that passes over the medial geniculate nucleus (in humans) to reach the superior colliculus. Contains afferents from the retina. | |
| Brainstem | Brainstem | birnlex_1565 | brain stem | The lower portion of the brain through which the forebrain sends information to, and receives information from, the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Major functions located in the brainstem include those necessary for survival, e.g., breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and arousal. (NIDA Media Guide Glossary). Note that the definition of brainstem varies in different nomenclatures, for example, some definitions include the diencephalon. | The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the Mesencephalon, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata (MeSH). The term brain stem refers to a composite substructure of the brain. It includes the midbrain, the pons and the medulla oblongata. Some authors include the cerebellum and/or parts of the diencephalon. A discussion of differences in the use of this term is presented in Anthoney-94 (NeuroNames). |
| Broca's area | Broca's area | FMAID: 242176 | Convolution of Broca | Part of left frontal lobe of human located in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus named for the French physician Pierre-Paul Broca (Heimer, L. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 2nd ed, 1995, pg 446). According to FMA, it comprises Brodmann's area 44 and part of area 45. Broca's area is generally considered to be involved in speech and language processing and production (e.g., speech articulation, lexical semantics, and syntax/syntactic decoding); but has also been shown to be related to non-verbal frequency discrimination, working memory, complex hand movements, associative sensorimotor learning and sensorimotor integration, imitation, musical processing, and hallucinations in those with Schizophrenia (http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/179813.html). | |
| CA1 | CA1 | birnlex_1197 | CA1 field of hippocampus CA1 field cornu ammonis 1 Regio superior field CA1 of hippocampus |
Part of hippocampus proper bounded by CA2 and the subiculum, characterized by pyramidal neurons that receive projections from pyramidal neurons of CA3 via the Schaffer collaterals. | |
| CA1 alveus | CA1 alveus | nlx_anat_1005038 | Part of alveus lying in area CA1, deep to the stratum oriens of CA1 and continuous with the alveus of CA2 | ||
| CA1 stratum lacunosum moleculare | CA1 stratum lacunosum moleculare | birnlex_4123 | CA1 s. lacunosum moleculare | Part of stratum lacunosum-moleculare lying in area CA1, superficial to CA1 stratum radiatum and bounded by the pial surface, continuous with stratum lacunosum-moleculare of CA2 and the subiculum stratum moleculare | |
| CA1 stratum pyramidale | CA1 stratum pyramidale | birnlex_4110 | CA1 pyramidal cell layer CA1 s. pyramidale CA1 stratum pyramidale hippocampi |
Part of pyramidal cell layer lying in area CA1, superficial to the CA1 stratum oriens, and deep to the stratum radiatum of CA1, continuous with the pyramidal cell layers of CA2 and the subiculum. It is characterized by pyramidal cell bodies that are generally smaller in size than those in the other hippocampal sectors. | |
| CA1 stratum radiatum | CA1 stratum radiatum | birnlex_4119 | CA1 part of stratum radiatum | Part of stratum radiatum lying in area CA1, superficial to the CA1 pyramidal cell layer and deep to the CA1 stratum lucidum-moleculare, continuous with the stratum radiatum of CA2 and bounded by the subiculum. It contains the Schaffer collateral projection from CA3. | |
| CA2 | CA2 | birnlex_1362 | CA2 field of hippocampus CA2 field |
Part of hippocampus proper bounded by areas CA3 and CA1, characterized by a narrow layer of large pyramidal cells, similar in size to CA3 pyramidal cells, but which lack the mossy fiber input from the dentate gyrus (adapted from Paxinos, G. The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995, pg. 460) | |
| CA2 alveus | CA2 alveus | nlx_anat_1008001 | Part of alveus lying in area CA2 deep to CA2 stratum oriens continuous with the alveus of CA1 | ||
| CA2 stratum lacunosum moleculare | CA2 stratum lacunosum moleculare | birnlex_4124 | Part of stratum lacunosum-moleculare lying in area CA2, superficial to the CA2 stratum radiatum, that is continuous with the stratum lacunosum-moleculare in areas CA3 and CA1 | ||
| CA2 stratum oriens | CA2 stratum oriens | birnlex_4115 | Part of stratum oriens lying in area CA3 deep to the CA3 pyramidal cell layer and continuous with stratum oriens of area CA2 and bounded by the dentate gyrus hilus. | ||
| CA2 stratum pyramidale | CA2 stratum pyramidale | birnlex_4111 | CA2 stratum pyramidale hippocampi stratum pyramidale of CA2 CA2 pyramidal cell layer pyramidal cell layer of CA2 |
Part of pyramidal cell layer in area CA2, lying superficial to the CA2 stratum oriens, and deep to the stratum radiatum of CA2, continuous with the pyramidal cell layers of CA1 and CA3 | |
| CA2 stratum radiatum | CA2 stratum radiatum | birnlex_4120 | stratum radiatum of CA2 | Part of stratum radiatum in area CA2, lying superficial to the pyramidal cell layer and deep to CA2 stratum lacunosum-moleculare, continuous with the stratum radiatum of CA1 and CA3. | |
| CA3 | CA3 | birnlex_1204 | CA3 field of hippocampus CA3 field |
Part of hippocampus proper bounded by the hilus of the dentate gyrus and area CA2, characterized by large pyramidal cells and a dense projection from dentate gyrus granule cell mossy fibers | |
| CA3 alveus | CA3 alveus | nlx_anat_1005039 | Part of alveus lying within hippocampal sector CA3 | ||
| CA3 stratum lacunosum moleculare | CA3 stratum lacunosum moleculare | birnlex_4125 | CA3 part of stratum lacunosum moleculare | Part of stratum lacunosum-moleculare in area CA3. It is bounded by the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of CA2 and CA1. It is bounded superficially by the pial surface and deep by the CA3 stratum radiatum. It is continuous with the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of CA2. | |
| CA3 stratum lucidum | CA3 stratum lucidum | nlx_78258 | Stratum lucidum CA3 s. lucidum |
Cytoarchitectural layer in CA3 consisting of a relatively acellular zone lying just above the pyramidal cell layer, occupied by mossy fiber axons originating from the dentate gyrus (adapted from Paxinos G. The rat central nervous system, 2nd edition, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995). | |
| CA3 stratum oriens | CA3 stratum oriens | birnlex_4117 | CA3 s. oriens | Part of stratum oriens lying in area CA3 deep to the CA3 pyramidal cell layer and continuous with stratum oriens of area CA2 and bounded by the dentate gyrus hilus. | |
| CA3 stratum radiatum | CA3 stratum radiatum | birnlex_4121 | CA3 s. radiatum | Part of stratum radiatum in area CA3, lying superficial to the stratum lucidum and deep to CA3 stratum lacunosum-moleculare. | |
| Caudal anterior cingulate cortex | Caudal anterior cingulate cortex | birnlex_967 | Component of the cingulate cortex. The rostral boundary was the first appearance of the genu of the corpus callosum whereas the caudal boundary was established as the first appearance of the mammillary bodies. The medial boundary was the medial aspect of the cortex. The supero-lateral boundary was the superior frontal gyrus whereas the infero-lateral boundary was the corpus callosum (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Caudal middle frontal gyrus | Caudal middle frontal gyrus | birnlex_1083 | Component of the middl frontal gyrus. The rostral boundary of the middle frontal gyrus was the rostral extent of the middle frontal gyrus whereas the caudal boundary was the precentral gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries were designated as the superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Caudal part of spinal trigeminal nucleus | Caudal part of spinal trigeminal nucleus | birnlex_2637 | trigeminal caudal nucleus | The caudal portion of the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL), a nucleus involved with pain and temperature sensation. (MSH) | |
| Caudate nucleus | Caudate nucleus | birnlex_1373 | Subcortical nucleus of telecephalic origin consisting of an elongated gray mass lying lateral to and bordering the lateral ventricle. It is divided into a head, body and tail in some species. | ||
| Caudomedial Nidopallium | Caudomedial Nidopallium | nlx_144027 | Nidopallium caudomediale Caudomedial neostriatum |
Secondary avian auditory forebrain region | |
| Caudomedial lobule | Caudomedial lobule | nlx_149279 | Region of cortex in the region of the isthmus between the cingulate and parahippocampal cortex in primate brain comprising a rostrally oriented bulge that is made up, in part, of portions of the retrosplenial cortex. | ||
| Caudoputamen | Caudoputamen | nlx_anat_100312 | Caudate-putamen Caudate putamen |
Regional part of telencephalon in some species, e.g., rodent, equivalent to the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). Unlike the dorsal striatum of primates, for example, the caudoputamen is not split into separate nuclei by the fibers of the internal capsule. Rather, the internal capsule splits into fiber bundles which course through the structure. | |
| Central amygdaloid nucleus | Central amygdaloid nucleus | birnlex_2682 | central nucleus of amygdala central nucleus of the amygdala |
The output region of the amygdala responsible for controlling responses (Phelps & LeDoux, 2005, PMID: 16242399). | |
| Central cervical spinocerebellar tract | Central cervical spinocerebellar tract | nlx_41715 | Afferents from the neck and head to the cerebellum. | ||
| Central gray substance of medulla | Central gray substance of medulla | birnlex_2638 | central gray matter | The caudal portion of the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL), a nucleus involved with pain and temperature sensation. (MSH) | |
| Cerebellar Paravermis | Cerebellar Paravermis | nlx_anat_20081236 | Intermediate zone | A region on either side of the midline of the cerebellum that lies lateral to the vermis and medial to the hemisphere. It contains the cerebellar cortical zones C1, C2 and C3 and receives climbing fibre input from the inferior olive and projects to the nucleus interpositus. Here, the term is used to denote the functionally related C1, C3 and Y (but not the C2) zones (Nature glossary: http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v6/n4/glossary/nrn1646.html#df1). | |
| Cerebellar cortex | Cerebellar cortex | birnlex_1566 | The superficial gray matter of the cerebellum. It consists of three main layers, the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer and the granule cell layer, and the white matter laminae lying deep to the granule cell layer. | ||
| Cerebellar penducular complex | Cerebellar penducular complex | birnlex_970 | cerebellar peduncles and decussations cerebellar peduncles |
The term cerebellar peduncles refers to the three peduncles of the cerebellum. They are the superior cerebellar peduncle, the middle cerebellar peduncle and the inferior cerebellar peduncle (Carpenter-83). (NeuroNames) | |
| Cerebellar white matter | Cerebellar white matter | birnlex_1562 | Regional part of cerebellum consisting of the myelinated axons lying deep to the granule cell layer, excluding the deep cerebellar nuclei and the cerebellar peduncles. | ||
| Cerebellum | Cerebellum | birnlex_1489 | Cerebellar | Part of the rhombencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem, consisting of the cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar white matter. A portion of the brain that helps regulate posture, balance, and coordination. (NIDA Media Guide Glossary) | |
| Cerebral aqueduct | Cerebral aqueduct | birnlex_1261 | aqueduct of Sylvius | Part of ventricular system of brain consisting of a narrow channel in the midbrain connecting the third and fourth ventricles. (Maryann Martone) | |
| Cerebral cortex | Cerebral cortex | birnlex_1494 | Cortex | The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon. It consists of the neocortex (6 layered cortex or isocortex), the hippocampal formation and the olfactory cortex. The cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It is constituted of up to six horizontal layers, each of which has a different composition in terms of neurons and connectivity. | |
| Cerebral white matter | Cerebral white matter | birnlex_711 | White matter is one of the two main solid components of the central nervous system. It is composed of myelinated nerve cell processes, or axons, which connect various grey matter areas (the locations of nerve cell bodies) of the brain to each other and carry nerve impulses between neurons. Cerebral and spinal white matter do not contain dendrites, which can only be found in grey matter along with neural cell bodies and shorter axons (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Cerebrum | Cerebrum | birnlex_1042 | Gross division of the brain. The term cerebrum has several definitions ranging in generality from equivalence to the term "brain" to the sum of the left cerebral hemisphere and right hemisphere, to a composite structure consisting of the cerebral cortex and adjacent cerebral white matter. A thorough discussion of the nature and history of the different definitions is presented in Anthoney-94 (NeuroNames). | The term cerebrum has several definitions ranging in generality from equivalence to the term "brain" to the sum of the left cerebral hemisphere and right hemisphere, to a composite structure consisting of the cerebral cortex and adjacent cerebral white matter. A thorough discussion of the nature and history of the different definitions is presented in Anthoney-94 (NeuroNames). For most authors, this is the cerebral hemispheres plus the basal ganglia, but most clincians do not include the basal ganglia (MSH). |
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| Chemoarchitectural part | Chemoarchitectural part | nlx_anat_20090501 | Regional part of an anatomical region that is revealed by the use of a stain that reveals chemoarchitecture. | ||
| Choroid plexus | Choroid plexus | UBERON:0001886 | a structure consisting of modified ependymal cells in the ventricles of the brain responsible for the production of cerebral spinal fluid (CSFF). | ||
| Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle | Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle | nlx_27388 | Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle | ||
| Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle | Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle | nlx_32548 | Part of choroid plexus contained in the lateral ventricle | ||
| Choroid plexus of third ventricle | Choroid plexus of third ventricle | nlx_18606 | Part of choroid plexus contained in the third ventricle | ||
| Cingulate gyrus | Cingulate gyrus | birnlex_798 | cingulate region cingulate area |
One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and interhemispheric commissure and forms part of the limbic system. (MSH) One of three essential structures comprising the limbic lobe, the other two being the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. (CSP) | |
| Circumventricular organ | Circumventricular organ | nlx_anat_20090312 | Brain region located around or in relation to the ventricular system that is highly vascularized and distinguished by the lack of a blood brain barrier. | ||
| Claustrum | Claustrum | birnlex_1522 | insular claustrum claustrum proper |
Lamina of gray matter in the forebrain separated from the cortex in most species by the extreme capsule. (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd Ed., 1981, pg 225). | |
| Cortical amygdaloid nucleus | Cortical amygdaloid nucleus | birnlex_2700 | posterior amygdaloid area posterior cortical nucleus posterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus |
Three layered structure that is located in the caudal aspect of the amygdala bordering the periamygdaloid cortex laterally. | |
| Corticomedial nuclear complex | Corticomedial nuclear complex | birnlex_2680 | corticomedial nuclear group pars corticomedialis (Corpus amygdaloideum) amygdalar corticomedial nucleus superficial nuclei |
These structures are referred to as nuclei but have a layered cortical like structure. These areas include the anterior amygdaloid area, posterior amygdaloid area, the periamygdaloid cortex, and the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract. | |
| Cranial nerve nucleus | Cranial nerve nucleus | nlx_28532 | cranial nerve nuclei | Nucleus that receives projections from or contains neurons that send projections through one of the cranial nerves | |
| Cuneate fasciculus of medulla | Cuneate fasciculus of medulla | birnlex_1242 | Part of cuneate fasciculus found in the medulla | ||
| Cuneocerebellar tract | Cuneocerebellar tract | birnlex_1238 | cuneocerebellar fibers | White matter tract that originates from the cuneate and external cuneate nuclei. It relays ascending spinal fibers in the dorsal funiculus and conveys information from forelimbs to the cerebellum. | |
| Cuneus cortex | Cuneus cortex | birnlex_1396 | cuneate lobule cuneus gyrus cuneus of hemisphere cuneus |
Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral boundary was the first coronal slice above the calcarine sulcus where the cuneus cortex becomes visible whereas the caudal boundary was the last slice where the calcarine sulcus was visualized. The medial boundary was the most medial portion of the occipital and parietal cortices. The superio-lateral boundary was the parieto-occipital fissure whereas the inferolateral boundary was the pericalcarine cortex (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Dentate gyrus | Dentate gyrus | birnlex_1178 | fascia dentata | Part of the hippocampal formation forming a "V" or "U" shaped structure with the opening bounded by hippocampal area CA3. It consists of 3 layers from superficial to deep: molecular, granule cell and polymorphic or hilar layer. | |
| Dentate gyrus molecular layer | Dentate gyrus molecular layer | birnlex_4127 | Molecular layer of dentate gyrus DG molecular layer dentate gyrus molecular layer dentate gyrus stratum moleculare |
The molecular layer of the dentate gyrus that is bounded by the pial surface superficially and the dentate gyrus granule cell layer deep. It is divided into 2 or more sublayers. | |
| Diagonal band | Diagonal band | birnlex_1551 | diagonal band of Broca | A white fibre bundle descending in the precommissural septum toward the base of the forebrain, immediately rostral to the lamina terminalis; at the base, the bundle turns in the caudolateral direction; traveling through the ventral substantia innominata alongside the optic tract, it fades before reaching the amygdala. (Mondofacto: http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?Broca%27s%20diagonal%20band) | |
| Diencephalon | Diencephalon | birnlex_1503 | Interbrain | Part of the brain consisting of the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the Thalamus; Hypothalamus; Epithalamus; and Subthalamus are derived.(MeSH) | |
| Dorsal accessory olive | Dorsal accessory olive | nlx_anat_100310 | Regional part of inferior olivary complex | ||
| Dorsal acoustic stria | Dorsal acoustic stria | birnlex_1698 | white matter structure containing fibers arising from the cochlear nuclear complex | ||
| Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus | Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus | birnlex_986 | A fiber bundle containing fibers from nuclei of the hypothalamus that project to the dorsal tegmental nucleus and other regions of the midbrain and the pons, as well as fibers originating in the pontine reticular formation and the medullary reticular formation that project to the thalamus and other regions of the forebrain (Carpenter-83). In NeuroNames it is a composite structure consisting of the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus, the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain, the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of pons and the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of medulla. (NeuroNames) | The term dorsal longitudinal fasciculus refers to a pathway containing fibers from nuclei of the hypothalamus that project to the dorsal tegmental nucleus and other regions of the midbrain and the pons, as well as fibers originating in the pontine reticular formation and the medullary reticular formation that project to the thalamus and other regions of the forebrain (Carpenter-83). In NeuroNames it is a composite structure consisting of the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus, the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain, the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of pons and the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of medulla. (NeuroNames) | |
| Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus | Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus | birnlex_898 | Part of dorsal longitudinal fasciculus located within the hypothalamus | ||
| Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of medulla | Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of medulla | birnlex_1257 | Part of dorsal longitudinal fasciculus located in the medulla | ||
| Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain | Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain | birnlex_893 | Part of dorsal longitudinal fasciculus located in the midbrain tegmentum | ||
| Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of pons | Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of pons | birnlex_1707 | Part of dorsal longitudinal fasciculus located within the pons | ||
| Dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body | Dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body | birnlex_1595 | nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars dorsalis dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus |
Part of lateral geniculate nucleus that receives major input from the retina and has reciprocal connections with the primary visual cortex and the thalamic reticular nucleus (adapated from Paxinos, The Rat Nervous System, 2nd ed, Academic Press, 1995) | |
| Dorsal raphe nucleus | Dorsal raphe nucleus | birnlex_982 | Dorsal raphe dorsal nucleus raphe dorsal nucleus raphé |
The dorsal raphe nucleus is the largest of the raphe nuclei and is responsible for the majority of GABAergic projections to the forebrain | |
| Dorsal tegmental nucleus pars dorsalis | Dorsal tegmental nucleus pars dorsalis | nlx_anat_20090407 | Dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden pars dorsalis | Part of dorsal tegmental nucleus characterized by round, small cells that are lightly stained in Nissl preparations. | |
| Dorsal tegmental nucleus pars ventralis | Dorsal tegmental nucleus pars ventralis | nlx_anat_20090408 | Dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden pars ventralis pars ventralis of the dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden pars ventralis of the dorsal tegmental nucleus |
Cytoarchitectural part of the dorsal tegmental nucleus based on cell size. The pars ventralis is characterized by medium sized oval or triangular cells that stain darkly in NIssl stains. | |
| Dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus | Dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus | birnlex_1558 | An aggregation of cells in the middle hypothalamus dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus and bordering the third ventricle. (MSH) | ||
| Endopiriform nucleus | Endopiriform nucleus | nlx_anat_091033 | Layer 4 of piriform cortex layer IV of piriform cortex |
An elongated nucleus consisting largely of multipolar spiny cells lying deep to the piriform cortex. According to Price (1990; pp. 979-998 in The Human Nervous System, G. Paxinos, (Ed.), Academic Press, San Diego), it is part of the claustrum. | |
| Entorhinal cortex | Entorhinal cortex | birnlex_1508 | entorhinal area | Component of the temporal lobe on the mesial surface. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the entorhinal cortex are the rostral end of the collateral sulcus and the caudal end of the amygdala respectively. The medial boundary is the medial aspect of the temporal lobe and the lateral boundary is the collateral sulcus. (DK) | The cytoarchitecturally well-defined area of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY. (Stedman, 25th ed) |
| Entorhinal cortex layer 2 cell island | Entorhinal cortex layer 2 cell island | nlx_anat_090822 | cell island of entorhinal cortex entorhinal cell island cell island of entorhinal cortex layer II entorhinal cortex layer II cell island entorhinal cortex layer II cell cluster |
Clumps of polygonal cells that stain darkly in Nissl preparations in layer 2 of entorhinal cortex | |
| Epithalamus | Epithalamus | birnlex_1710 | Most dorsal part of the thalamus, comprising the pineal gland and habenular nuclei in most vertebrates. In a few vertebrates, it also includes the parietal eye. (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed, 2005, pg. 345-346. | ||
| External capsule | External capsule | nlx_16247 | Thin band of white matter that separates the medial aspect of the putamen from the lateral aspect of the globus pallidus external division | ||
| Extrastriate cortex | Extrastriate cortex | nlx_anat_200905010 | extrastriate areas | A group of cortical areas related by direct or indirect connectivity to the striate area 17 and functionally involved primarily in vision. They include the parastriate area 18, the peristriate area 19 and adjacent areas in the parietal lobe and temporal lobe (Adapted from BrainInfo and Zilles-1990). | |
| Extreme capsule | Extreme capsule | nlx_21887 | Thin band of fibers separating the claustrum from the insular cortex | ||
| Facial nucleus | Facial nucleus | birnlex_903 | Facial motor nucleus | Nucleus located in the pontine tegmentum containing motor neurons that innervate the muscles of the face. Some neurons that project to the cerebellum have also been identified in some species. | |
| Fasciculus | Fasciculus | birnlex_872 | A bundle of anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve (American Heritage Dictionary 4th ed) | A bundle of anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve. | |
| Field H1 of Forel | Field H1 of Forel | nlx_86272 | thalamic fasiculus field H1 Forel's field H1 |
Predominantly white matter structure in the subthalamus, corresponding to the thalamic fasiculus (adapted from Wikipedia) | |
| Field L | Field L | nlx_144026 | The primary thalamorecipient forebrain auditory region. This term is mainly used in avian neuroanatomy | ||
| Fimbria of hippocampus | Fimbria of hippocampus | birnlex_1502 | fimbria of the fornix fimbria fimbria-fornix |
Part of fornix lying closest to the hippocampal formation continuos with the alveus. | |
| Forebrain | Forebrain | birnlex_1509 | prosencephalon | The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (MSH) * part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube (brain) from which the diencephalon and telencephalon are derived; also called the forebrain. (CSP), The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the Diencephalon and Telencephalon. | |
| Fornix | Fornix | birnlex_705 | White matter structure carrying axons connecting the hippocampal formation to other brain regions. It is typically divided into the columns (crus), body, commissure and the pre-commissural and post-commissural fornix (MM). | Prominent white matter structure containing axons that connect hippocampus to the hypothalamus and septal nuclei. (http://www.sylvius.com/?s=052). It is divided into several subregions which include the body, crux and columns. | |
| Fourth ventricle | Fourth ventricle | birnlex_1256 | 4th ventricle | Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large irregularly shaped cavity located on the midline of the rhombencephalon, between the medulla, pons and the isthmus ventrally and the cerebellum dorsally. It is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct anteriorally and the central canal of the spinal cord posteriorly. It communicates with the subarachnoid space through its lateral and median apertures. | |
| Frontal cortex | Frontal cortex | nlx_anat_20090601 | Anterior portion of the frontal cortex, lying anterior to the central sulcus in humans. It is bounded by the parietal cortex posteriorly and the temporal cortex laterally. | ||
| Frontal lobe | Frontal lobe | birnlex_928 | The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MSH) | The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MSH) | |
| Frontal lobe of human | Frontal lobe of human | FMAID: 61824 | Frontal lobe of human is the anterior-most of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its posterior border and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border (FMA). | ||
| Frontal operculum | Frontal operculum | birnlex_751 | inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis | Portion of frontal lobe that overlaps the insular cortex (adapted from Wikipedia) | |
| Frontal pole | Frontal pole | birnlex_1716 | Component of the frontal lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the frontal pole are the superior frontal gyrus and the rostral division of the middle frontal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennama-Notestine). | ||
| Fundus striati | Fundus striati | nlx_144261 | fundus of the striatum striatal fundus |
The ventral portion of the dorsal striatum, linking the caudate nucleus and the putamen anteriorly (adapted from Wikipedia) | |
| Genu of corpus callosum | Genu of corpus callosum | nlx_144462 | genu genu of corpus callosum Genu corporis callosi |
Part of corpus callosum comprising the "kneelike" anterior bend (adapted from Nolte, The Human Brain, 6th ed., 2009 pg 664) | |
| Gigantocerebellum | Gigantocerebellum | nlx_89001 | Cerebellum of weakly electric fish notable for its large size relative to body weight (Squire et al., Fundamental neuroscience, Elsevier, 2008, pg 752. | ||
| Globose nucleus | Globose nucleus | birnlex_1158 | posterior interposed nucleus Nucleus globosus posterior interpositus nucleus |
One of two nuclei comprising the interpositus cerebellar nuclear complex of the deep cerebellar nuclei. It is recognized in human cerebellum but is not distinguishable in all mammalian species. | |
| Globus pallidus | Globus pallidus | birnlex_1234 | pallidum Pale Body |
Subcortical nucleus, functionally part of the basal ganglia, which consists of two segments the external (or lateral) and internal (or medial) separated by the medial medullary lamina in primates. In rodents, The globus pallidus lateral is separated from the medial segment by the fibers of the internal capsule/cerebral peduncle. | |
| Globus pallidus external segment | Globus pallidus external segment | birnlex_1610 | external part of globus pallidus lateral segment of globus pallidus lateral globus pallidus lateral pallidum external pallidum |
The more lateral of the two segments of the globus pallidus, abutting the putamen in species which have both a caudate and putamen; the caudoputamen in other species. | |
| Globus pallidus internal segment | Globus pallidus internal segment | birnlex_1555 | internal part of globus pallidus Internal pallidum medial segment of globus pallidus globus pallidus internus |
The more medial segment of the globus pallidus. | |
| Glycogen body | Glycogen body | nlx_151880 | A gelatinous mass that surrounds the central canal in the lumbosacral sinus in the caudal spinal cord of birds. It is made of specialized cells that contain large amounts of glycogen. The function of this structure is not known, but it does not seem to be related to the normal function of glycogen in animals, which is the storage of energy. (adapted from Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed, 2005, pg. 146 and Wikipedia) | ||
| Gracile fasciculus | Gracile fasciculus | nlx_144039 | Axon bundle arising largely from the dorsal root ganglia of the lower spinal cord, ascending in humans in the dorsal funiculus, synapsing within the nucleus gracilis of the lower medulla. | ||
| Gracile fasciculus of medulla | Gracile fasciculus of medulla | birnlex_1282 | gracile fascicle (Gall) | Part of gracile fasiculus located in the medulla | |
| Gracile nucleus | Gracile nucleus | birnlex_2643 | nucleus gracilis Golls nucleus |
Nucleus in the caudal medulla that receive projections primarily from ipsilateral dorsal root ganglion cells via the posterior column of the spinal cord | |
| Head of caudate nucleus | Head of caudate nucleus | birnlex_1212 | Largest part of the caudate nucleus lying lateral to and protruding into the anterior of the lateral ventricle | ||
| Hilus of dentate gyrus | Hilus of dentate gyrus | birnlex_1482 | Hilus Polymorphic layer of dentate gyrus dentate gyrus polymorphic layer |
Layer of the dentate gyrus lying deep to the granule cell layer, within the opening of the "C" or "V" formed by the granule cell layer characterized by loosely packed polymorphic cells | |
| Hindbrain | Hindbrain | birnlex_942 | rhombencephalon | Part of the brainconstituting the MEDULLA OBLONGATA (myelencephalon) and PONS (metencephalon). (adapted from MSH) * part of the brain developed from the posterior of the three primary brain vesicles of the embryonic neural tube; it comprises the metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata). (CSP) | * That part of the brain stem constituting the MEDULLA OBLONGATA (myelencephalon) and PONS (metencephalon). (MSH) * part of the brain developed from the posterior of the three primary brain vesicles of the embryonic neural tube; it comprises the metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata). (CSP) |
| Hippocampal formation | Hippocampal formation | birnlex_715 | A part of the brain consisting of a three layered cortex located in the forebrain bordering the medial surface of the lateral ventricle. The term hippocampal formation is often used synonymously with hippocampus which consists of the hippocampus proper or Cornu Ammonis, the dentate gyrus and the subicular complex | ||
| Hippocampus | Hippocampus | birnlex_721 | Cornu ammonis Ammon's horn hippocampus proper ammon horn hippocampal |
A part of the hippocampal formation consisting of a three layered cortex located in the forebrain bordered by the medial surface of the lateral ventricle, the dentate gyrus and the subiculum. It has 3 subfields termed CA1, CA2 and CA3. The term hippocampus is often used synonymously with hippocampal formation which consists of the hippocampus proper or Cornu Ammonis, the dentate gyrus and the subiculum. | |
| Hippocampus regio inferior of Cajal | Hippocampus regio inferior of Cajal | nlx_anat_1008014 | regio inferior | One of two cytoarchitectural division of hippocampus proposed by Ramon y Cajal consisting of a large-celled proximal region of the hippocampus proper. This region corresponds to CA2 and CA3 in the nomenclature proposed by Lorente de No (Adapted from Paxinos, G. The rat nervous system, Ed 2, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995) | |
| Hippocampus regio superior of Cajal | Hippocampus regio superior of Cajal | nlx_anat_1008015 | regio superior | One of two cytoarchitectural divisions of the hippocampus proper proposed by Ramon y Cajal consisting of a smaller celled distal region, equivalent to CA1 in the nomenclature proposed by Lorente de No. (adapted from Paxinos G. The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego 1995) | |
| Horizontal fissure | Horizontal fissure | nlx_anat_20081255 | Fissura Horizontalis Fissura Intercruralis |
Fissure between cerebellar hemispheric lobules VIIA and VIIBi. | |
| Hypoglossal nucleus | Hypoglossal nucleus | birnlex_2644 | hypoglossal nerve nucleus | Nucleus forming a longitudinal cell column in the medulla, close beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle, containing motor neurons that innervate the muscles of the tongue (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 453) | |
| Hypophysis | Hypophysis | birnlex_1353 | Pituitary gland Pituitary |
* A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk. (MSH) * epithelial body located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica, attached by a stalk to the hypothalamus from which it receives important neural and vascular outflow; it consists of the anterior lobe, or adenohypophysis, which secretes most of the hormones, the posterior lobe or neurohypophysis, which stores and releases neurohormones that it receives from the hypothalamus, and an intermediate lobe. (CSP) | |
| Hypothalamus | Hypothalamus | birnlex_734 | Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. | ||
| Induseum griseum | Induseum griseum | nlx_49940 | dorsal hippocampal continuation | Thin layer of cortex lying on the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum. It has been debated whether it is more related to the hippocampus or the olfactory bulb (Shipley et al., Olfactory System In Paxinos The Rat Nervous System, 2nd ed) | |
| Inferior cerebellar peduncle | Inferior cerebellar peduncle | birnlex_1691 | restiform body | Regional part of medullary white matter (according to Neuronames) primarily found at the level of the open medulla, consisting of a large bundle of fibers projecting to and projecting from the cerebellum. The icp is continuous with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract and also contains a large number of fibers originating in the inferior olivary complex (MM). | |
| Inferior colliculus | Inferior colliculus | birnlex_806 | Part of the midbrain tectum, consisting of paired predominantly gray matter elevations on the dorsal aspect of the midbrain, located caudal to the superior colliculus, dorsal to the periaqueductal gray of the cerebral aqueduct and rostral to the cerebellum. According to Neuronames, the inferior colliculus comprises the central, pericentral and external nucleus and two predominantly white matter structures, the brachium of the inferior colliculus and the commissure of the inferior colliculus (MM). | ||
| Inferior frontal gyrus | Inferior frontal gyrus | birnlex_873 | Component of the frontal lobe, lateral aspect. The rostral boundary is the first appearance of the inferior frontal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the precentral gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries are the lateral bank of the inferior frontal sulcus and the medial bank of the lateral orbital sulcus and/or the circular insular sulcus respectively (Christein Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Inferior horn of the lateral ventricle | Inferior horn of the lateral ventricle | birnlex_1292 | temporal horn of lateral ventricle | The part of the lateral ventricle extending downward and anteriorly in the temporal lobe. | |
| Inferior parietal cortex | Inferior parietal cortex | birnlex_1194 | inferior parietal lobule | Component of the parietal lobe. The inferior parietal cortex label includes the inferior parietal gyrus and the angular gyrus and lies inferior to the superior parietal gyrus. The rostral and caudal boundaries were the supramarginal gyrus and the parieto-occipital incisure respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the superior parietal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Inferior pulvinar nucleus | Inferior pulvinar nucleus | birnlex_830 | nucleus pulvinaris thalami nucleus pulvinaris inferior nucleus pulvinar pars inferior nucleus pulvinaris inferior thalami |
One of four subdivisions recognized in the primate pulvinar based on initially on topography, located ventrally between the medial and lateral geniculate bodies (Carpenter, A core text of neuroanatomy, 3rd ed., 1985, pg 238) | |
| Inferior temporal gyrus | Inferior temporal gyrus | birnlex_1577 | gyrus temporalis inferior | Component of the temporal lobe, lateral aspect. The rostral boundary is the rostral extent of the inferior temporal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is designated as the temporo-occipital incisure on the cortical surface. The occipitotemporal sulcus is the medial boundary and the inferior temporal sulcus is the lateral boundary (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Inferior vestibular nucleus | Inferior vestibular nucleus | nlx_144004 | Descending vestibular nucleus spinal vestibular nucleus |
One of the nuclei comprising the vestibular nuclear complex, characterized by bundles of longitudinal fibers running through it. Multiple cell groups are often identified within it. | |
| Insula | Insula | birnlex_1117 | Insular cortex central lobe insular gyrus insular lobe insular region insulary cortex island of Reil Lobus insularis |
Gray matter of the insular region of the neocortex. In gyrencephalic animals, it is part of the insular lobe and lies in the depths of the lateral fissure and covered by portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. It includes Brodmann areas 13-16. | |
| Interanterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus | Interanterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus | nlx_144468 | interanterodorsal nucleus of thalamus | a group of nerve cells that bridges the midline of the thalamus between the anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus of the left and right sides. According to Crosby (1962), it is more developed and consistently present in rodents than in primates (adapted from Brain Info). | |
| Intercalated amygdaloid nuclei | Intercalated amygdaloid nuclei | birnlex_2683 | Massa intercalata Massa intercalata of amygdala intercalated nucleus of the amygdala intercalated nuclei of amygdala intercalated masses of nucleus amygdaloideus |
Discrete clusters of cells intercalated among the major amygdaloid nuclei. They stain darkly in Nissl stains and have been identified in all mammals. The main groups lie between the lateral-basolateral nuclear coplex and the central and medial nuclei. Additional cell groups have been described by some in other locations (Millhouse, O. E. The intercalated cells of the amygdala. J Comp Neurol 247: 246-271, 1986)., Groups of cells located between the lateral basolateral amygaloid nuclear complex and the central nucleus of the amygdala. They stain darkly in Nissl stains and have been identified in all mammals. (Millhouse, O. E. The intercalated cells of the amygdala. J Comp Neurol 247: 246-271, 1986) | |
| Intermediate acoustic stria | Intermediate acoustic stria | birnlex_768 | commissure of Held intermediate acoustic stria (Held) intermediate acoustic stria of Held |
White matter structure containing axons arising from cochlear nuclear complex (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed, 1985, pg 609) | |
| Internal capsule | Internal capsule | birnlex_1659 | White matter regional part of brain which is flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem and spinal cord. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu. (Adapted from MSH by Maryann Martone). | ||
| Internal medullary lamina of thalamus | Internal medullary lamina of thalamus | birnlex_1621 | Predominantly white regional part of thalamus consisting of a Y shaped bundle of fibers that runs the anterior-posterior length of thalamus and divides the thalamus into roughly three regions (MM: 2006-10-26) | ||
| Interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure | Interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure | nlx_35944 | A group of cells extending caudally with the posterior part of anterior commissure ventral to the striatum in the mouse (Paxinos-2001) and the primate (Fudge-2009) (from Braininfo.org) | ||
| Interthalamic adhesion | Interthalamic adhesion | nlx_144100 | massa intermedia | Median gray matter mass that connects the two thalami; present in a large percentage of humans (Heimer, L. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 2nd ed., 1995, pg 76n). | |
| Isla magna of Calleja | Isla magna of Calleja | nlx_55138 | Large island of Calleja insula magna |
Regional part of telencephalon; the most prominent of the islands of Calleja located medially in the nucleus accumbens (adapted from Braininfo.org). | |
| Islands of Calleja | Islands of Calleja | birnlex_1113 | Islets of Calleja | Small clusters of granule cells located in the olfactory tubercle and also within the Island of Calleja magna that lies between the septum and the nucleus accumbens | |
| Islands of Calleja of olfactory tubercle | Islands of Calleja of olfactory tubercle | nlx_50741 | Islets of Calleja | Part of olfactory tubercle defined by dense aggregations of granule cells | |
| Isthmus of cingulate gyrus | Isthmus of cingulate gyrus | birnlex_1541 | isthmus of cingulate cortex isthmus of the gyrus fornicatus cingulo-parahippocampal isthmus |
Component of the cingulate cortex comprising the region linking the posterior cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus. The rostral and caudal boundaries were the posterior division of the cingulate cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the medial wall (area unknown) and the precuneus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Juxtarestiform body | Juxtarestiform body | birnlex_1101 | Fibers interconnecting the cerebellum and vestibular nuclei, traveling medial to the restiform body (inferior cerebellar peduncle) (Nolte, The Human Brain, 6th ed., pg 497) | ||
| Lamina dissecans of entorhinal cortex | Lamina dissecans of entorhinal cortex | nlx_17980 | lamina dissecans layer IV of entorhinal cortex |
Acellular layer of entorhinal cortex, usually identified as layer IV in some nomenclatures (Paxinos, The rat nervous system, Academic Press, 1995, pg 473-474). | |
| Lateral agranular field | Lateral agranular field | nlx_144408 | agranular lateral field | "The lateral agranular field (AGl) lies between AGm and the SI cortex and is widest rostrally....Compared to AGm, AGl has a more homogeneous appearance of the superficial layers, layer II is less densely packed, and layer V is broader and contains larger, more densely staining cells." (Donoghue and Wise, 1982) | |
| Lateral amygdaloid nucleus | Lateral amygdaloid nucleus | birnlex_2687 | lateral nucleus of amygdala medial principal nucleus lateral principal nucleus of amygdala |
The sensory interface of the amygdala where plasticity is mediated (Phelps & LeDoux, 2005, PMID: 16242399). | |
| Lateral lemniscus (birnlex 976) | Lateral lemniscus (birnlex 976) | birnlex_976 | A fiber bundle that runs through the medulla, pons and midbrain that arises in the cochlear nucleus and projects to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain. The brainstem nuclei include the superior olive, the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, and the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Fibers leaving these brainstem nuclei ascending to the inferior colliculus rejoin the lateral lemniscus. In that sense, this is not a 'lemniscus' in the true sense of the word (second order, decussated sensory axons), as there is third (and out of the lateral superior olive, fourth) order information coming out of some of these brainstem nuclei. Adapted from Wikipedia.org (MM). | ||
| Lateral medullary lamina | Lateral medullary lamina | birnlex_1634 | lateral medulary stria external medulary lamina of lentiform nucleus outer medulary lamina lateral medulary lamina of globus pallidus external medulary lamina of globus pallidus medulary lamina of pallidum external medullary lamina |
Thin band of myelinated fibers lying on the lateral (external) surface of the globus pallidus, external segment, separating it from the putamen. (Carpenter, A core text of neuroanatomy, 3rd ed., 1985, pg 303). | |
| Lateral occipital cortex | Lateral occipital cortex | birnlex_735 | lateral occipital gyrus | Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the lateral occipital cortex were the superior parietal gyrus and as the last visible portion of occipital cortex respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the cuneus/pericalcarine cortex and the inferior temporal/inferior parietal gyri respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Lateral orbital frontal cortex | Lateral orbital frontal cortex | birnlex_1244 | Component of the orbtial frontal cortex The rostral boundary is the first slice where the lateral orbital gyrus is apparent with the frontomarginal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the disappearance of the lateral orbital gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries are the midpoint of the olfactory sulcus and the lateral bank of the lateral orbital sulcus and/or the circular insular sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Lateral paragigantocellular nucleus | Lateral paragigantocellular nucleus | nlx_143582 | nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis | Nucleus located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The PGL was originally identified by cytoarchitectural criteria in the human medulla (Olszewski and Baxter, 1954). In humans, the PGL is located in the ventrolateral quadrant of the rostral medullary tegmentum between the nucleus subtrigeminalis caudally, trapezoid body and the superior olive rostrally, nucleus gigantocellularis medially, spinothalamic tract fibers laterally, inferior olive ventrally, and the nucleus ambiguous dorsally (Olszewski and Baxter, 1954). In the rat, the PGL has been further subdivided into retrofacial PGL (caudal to the facial nucleus), and more rostrally located juxtafacial PGL (medial to the facial nucleus), based upon different connectivity. | |
| Lateral septal nucleus | Lateral septal nucleus | birnlex_1321 | lateral septal nucleus (Cajal) lateral septum nucleus lateral parolfactory nucleus Lateral septum |
Regional part of the septal nuclei, lying dorsal and slightly lateral to the medial septal nucleus. The lateral septum receives the bulk of projections of areas projecting to the septal nuclei (Adapted from Brodal, 1981). | |
| Lateral superior olivary nucleus | Lateral superior olivary nucleus | birnlex_1675 | One of two recognized nuclei comprising the superior olive. The lateral superior olivary nucleus is much less prominent in humans than in many rodents and carnivores. In the latter species, it is frequently described as S- or V-shaped. | ||
| Lateral ventricle | Lateral ventricle | birnlex_1263 | Part of the ventricular system of the brain in each of the cerebral hemispheres. The lateral ventricle in each hemisphere is separated from the other by the septum and each communicates with the THIRD VENTRICLE by the foramen of Monro, In species, particularly those with well developed cortex, the lateral ventrical may be subdivided into anterior, posterior and temporal horns and a body | ||
| Lateral vestibular nucleus | Lateral vestibular nucleus | nlx_144002 | Deiter's nucleus lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiters) nucleus of Deiters Nucleus vestibularis lateralis |
One of the nuclei comprising the vestibular nuclear complex. In some mammals, e.g., primates, it is further subdivided into subnuclei. It therefore differs in appearance and topology in different mammals. | |
| Left frontal lobe | Left frontal lobe | birnlex_1787 | The frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain | ||
| Left occipital lobe | Left occipital lobe | birnlex_1782 | The occipital lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain | ||
| Left parietal lobe | Left parietal lobe | birnlex_1728 | Parietal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain | ||
| Left temporal lobe | Left temporal lobe | birnlex_1784 | Temporal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain | ||
| Lemniscus | Lemniscus | birnlex_881 | A bundle or band of sensory nerve fibers. ribbon, from Greek lemniskos | ||
| Limbic lobe | Limbic lobe | birnlex_1128 | Part of cerebral hemisphere located on the medial surface, forming a ring around the brain stem | ||
| Limen of insula | Limen of insula | birnlex_1493 | Limen insulae angulus gyri olfactorii lateralis Gyrus ambiens |
The anterior basal part of the insular cortex, which separates the lateral surface of the insula from the anterior perforated substance (Heimer, The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 2nd ed., 1995, pg 80). | |
| Lingual gyrus | Lingual gyrus | birnlex_740 | medial occipitotemporal gyrus lingula of cerebral hemisphere |
Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral boundary of the lingual gyrus was the posterior extent of the parahippocampal gyrus whereas the caudal boundary was the most posterior coronal slice where the gyrus could be visualized. The medial and lateral boundaries were the medial portion of the temporal and occipital cortices and the medial bank of the collateral sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Lissauer's tract of medulla | Lissauer's tract of medulla | birnlex_1267 | Part of Lissauer's tract located in the medulla | ||
| Lissauer's tract of spinal cord | Lissauer's tract of spinal cord | nlx_143967 | dorsolateral fasciculus of spinal cord | White matter tract in spinal cord laying between the substantia gelatinosa and the surface of the spinal cord. | |
| Lobe of cerebral cortex | Lobe of cerebral cortex | birnlex_922 | cerebral lobes lobes of the brain |
Divisions of the cerebral cortex from gross anatomical observation based on the locations of major sulci and fissures in gyrencephalic animals, including both the gray matter and underlying white matter. From 4-6 lobes have been defined. | |
| Locus ceruleus | Locus ceruleus | birnlex_905 | Locus caeruleus Substantia ferruginea Nucleus Pigmentosus Pontis Locus coeruleus blue nucleus |
A noradrenergic nucleus in the brain stem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic; also implicated in physical dependence and withdrawal. (Adapted from Wikipedia) | |
| Magnocellular part of red nucleus | Magnocellular part of red nucleus | birnlex_720 | magnocellular red nucleus | Caudal region of the red nucleus located in the midbrain, containing mostly large cell bodies. | |
| Mammillary body | Mammillary body | birnlex_865 | One of two hemispherical bulges on the base of the posterior hypothalamus (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg 455). | ||
| Mammillary peduncle | Mammillary peduncle | birnlex_1486 | Peduncle of mammillary body | White matter bundle in the posterior hypothalamus containing ascending afferent fibers to the mammillary bodies from the ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 671). | |
| Mammillothalamic tract | Mammillothalamic tract | nlx_24081 | mammillo-thalamic tract | A fiber pathway that originates from neurons in the posterior hypothalamic region and projects to various nuclei of the anterior nuclear group of the thalamus. It is a composite structure that consists of the mammillothalamic tract of the hypothalamus and the mammillothalamic tract of the thalamus (Carpenter-1983). (from Brain Info.org) | |
| Mammillothalamic tract of hypothalamus | Mammillothalamic tract of hypothalamus | birnlex_855 | Mammillothalamic tract of hypothalamus | Part of mammillothalamic tract contained within the hypothalamus | |
| Matrix compartment of caudate nucleus | Matrix compartment of caudate nucleus | nlx_anat_20090504 | Matrix compartment located in the caudate nucleus | ||
| Matrix compartment of neostriatum | Matrix compartment of neostriatum | nlx_anat_20090503 | Matrix compartment matrix striatal matrix striatal matrix compartment |
The larger of two chemoarchitectural compartments identified in the neostriatum through differential staining for various biochemical markers. It usually is identified through differentially high staining for acetylcholinesterase and calbinin D28K. | |
| Matrix part of head of caudate nucleus | Matrix part of head of caudate nucleus | nlx_anat_1010005 | Matrix compartment located in the head of the caudate nucleus | ||
| Matrix part of tail of caudate nucleus | Matrix part of tail of caudate nucleus | nlx_anat_1010006 | Matrix compartment located in the tail of the caudate nucleus | ||
| Medial accessory olive | Medial accessory olive | nlx_anat_100309 | Regional part of the inferior olivary complex | ||
| Medial geniculate body | Medial geniculate body | birnlex_1670 | corpus geniculatum mediale medial geniculate complex medial geniculate nucleus |
Nuclear complex of the thalamus situated on the caudal, subpial aspect of the thalamus (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 622). | |
| Medial lemniscus of medulla | Medial lemniscus of medulla | birnlex_1570 | Part of medial lemniscus located within the medulla | ||
| Medial lemniscus of midbrain | Medial lemniscus of midbrain | birnlex_1296 | Part of medial lemniscus located within the midbrain | ||
| Medial lemniscus of pons | Medial lemniscus of pons | birnlex_781 | Part of medial lemniscus located within the pons | ||
| Medial longitudinal fasciculus | Medial longitudinal fasciculus | nlx_144065 | Fiber bundle running longitudinally along the midline in the midbrain, pons and medulla, containing fibers that interconnect the cranial nerve nuclei controlling eye movements (Heimer, L. The Human Brain, 2nd ed., 1995, pg. 245) | ||
| Medial medullary lamina | Medial medullary lamina | birnlex_1501 | internal medullary lamina of pallidum | Thin sheet of white matter dividing the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus in primates | |
| Medial nucleus of trapezoid body | Medial nucleus of trapezoid body | birnlex_2595 | Nucleus in the pontine tegmentum of most mammals that receives projections from the ventral cochlear nucleus via the large specialized synapse, the Calyx of Held. It is not clear whether a well defined nucleus is present in humans, although humans may possess scattered cells with similar input. | ||
| Medial orbital frontal cortex | Medial orbital frontal cortex | birnlex_1249 | Component of the orbtial frontal cortex. The rostral boundary is the first slice where the medial orbital gyrus became visible whereas the caudal boundary is the disappearance of the medial orbital gyrus/gyrus rectus. The medial and lateral boundaries are the cingulate cortex on the \\u2018inflated\\u2019 surface and the medial bank of the superior frontal gyrus (or the cingulate gyrus when visible) respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Medial prefrontal cortex | Medial prefrontal cortex | nlx_152054 | Region of prefrontal cortex comprising the rostral insular cortex and the rostromedial tip of the cingulate gyrus, also referred to as the infrslimbic and prelimbic areas (Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 5th ed., 2013, pg 1072). | ||
| Medial septal nucleus | Medial septal nucleus | birnlex_1668 | Medial septum | Cells lying generally in front of Regional_part_of_septal_nuclei, lying ventral to and slightly medial to the lateral septal nucleus. Neurons in this nucleus give rise to the bulk of efferents from the septal nuclei. A major projection from the medial septal nucleus terminates in the hippocampal formation (Adapted from Brodal, 1981). | |
| Medial superior olivary nucleus | Medial superior olivary nucleus | birnlex_1682 | One of two subnuclei of the superior olive located within the caudal pontine tegmentum. Appears as a parasagittal row of transversely oriented bipolar neurons in transverse sections of human, with elongated somata in humans and other primates and large caliber dendrites. | ||
| Median eminence | Median eminence | birnlex_925 | Median eminence of hypothalamus Median eminence of posterior lobe of pituitary gland Median eminence of neurohypophysis eminentia medialis |
Elevation on the ventral surface of the brain located at the zone of attachment between the hypothalamic floor and the hypophysis (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg. 446). | * Raised area at the infundibular region of the HYPOTHALAMUS at the floor of the BRAIN, ventral to the THIRD VENTRICLE and adjacent to the ARCUATE NUCLEUS. It contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and the capillary network of hypophyseal portal system, thus serving as a neuroendocrine link between the brain and the PITUITARY GLAND. (MSH) * raised area on the infundibular neurohypophysis which contains the primary capillary network of the hypophyseal portal system. (CSP) |
| Medulla oblongata | Medulla oblongata | birnlex_957 | myelencephalon medulla |
The lower portion of the hindbrain and brainstem located between the pons and spinal cord. This structure contains several descending and ascending tracts, lower cranial nerve nuclei, a significant proportion of the reticular system of the brainstem and other structures (adapted from NCI Thesaurus). | * The lower portion of the brainstem located between the pons and brainstem. This structure contains several descending and ascending tracts, lower cranial nerve nuclei, a significant proportion of the reticular system of the brainstem and other structures. (NCI) * caudal subdivision of the hindbrain interposed between the spinal cord and the pons; adult derivative of the myelencephalon, the most caudal subdivision of the developing brain; it has two subdivisions the open medulla bordering on the fourth ventricle and the closed medulla which surrounds the rostral part of the central canal. (CSP) |
| Medulla oblongata of human | Medulla oblongata of human | nlx_143550 | human medulla | The medulla oblongata of a human | |
| Medullary reticular formation | Medullary reticular formation | birnlex_1020 | Part of reticular formation located in the medulla | ||
| Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve | Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve | birnlex_1010 | mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus | Elongated nucleus located in the midbrain tegmentum that receives proprioceptive input from both teh extraocular and the masticatory muscles. Contrary to the general rule, the cell bodies that give rise to these sensory fibers are located within the mesencephalic nucleus rather than in a peripheral ganglion. Some of the sensory fibers in the mesencephalic root give off collaterals to the trigeminal motor nucleus, thereby providing the anatomic basis for the monosynaptic jaw reflex. (Heimer, L. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 2nd ed. 1996, page 248). | |
| Metencephalon | Metencephalon | birnlex_965 | Anterior part of the hindbrain ventral to the cerebellum. | ||
| Midbrain | Midbrain | birnlex_1667 | Mesencephalon | Part of the brain that develops from the middle of the 3 primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube, between the prosencephalon and rhombencephalon, later forming the tectum and cerebral peduncles. (CSP) | |
| Midbrain raphe nuclei | Midbrain raphe nuclei | birnlex_1676 | Midbrain raphe | Midline nuclei found in the midbrain, includes the dorsal raphe nucleus and the rostral linear nucleus of raphe. | |
| Midbrain reticular formation | Midbrain reticular formation | birnlex_1235 | Part of the reticular formation located in the midbrain tegmentum | ||
| Midbrain tectum | Midbrain tectum | birnlex_1032 | tectum | Dorsal part of the midbrain, consisting of the superior and inferior colliculi and the pretectal nuclei (MM). | |
| Middle cerebellar peduncle | Middle cerebellar peduncle | birnlex_1529 | brachium pontis | Regional part of medullary white matter (according to Neuronames) primarily found at the level of the pons, consisting of a very large bundle of fibers originating in the pontine nuclei projecting to the cerebellum (MM). | |
| Middle frontal gyrus | Middle frontal gyrus | birnlex_1451 | Component of the frontal lobe, lateral aspect (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Middle temporal area | Middle temporal area | nlx_anat_20090308 | The term "middle temporal visual area" was first used by Allman and Kaas (1971) for a region of the owl monkey brain located on the "caudal third of the middle temporal gyrus." Functionally, it contains "a complete representation of the contralateral half of the visual field... This representation of the visual field (MT) corresponds to a histologically distinct area adjacent and rostral to area 19... The horizontal meridian divides MT into a lateral portion representing the upper visual quadrant and a medial portion representing the lower quadrant. The center of gaze is represented in the caudal portion of MT bordering area 19." | ||
| Middle temporal area (Rhesus macaque) | Middle temporal area (Rhesus macaque) | nlx_151686 | V5 | Originally described by Dubner and Zeki (1971) in rhesus macaques as "a well defined, and seemingly condensed, projection from the striate cortex" in the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Unlike neurons in areas 17, 18, and 19 (V1, V2, V3), cells in this region "are relatively insensitive to form and position but have specific requirements of direction of movement." This region was later referred to as the middle temporal area (MT) after the presumed homologous region in owl monkeys. Zeki later termed it V5 (the fifth cortical visual area). | |
| Middle temporal gyrus | Middle temporal gyrus | birnlex_1653 | gyrus temporalis medius | Component of the temporal lobe, lateral aspect. The rostral boundary is the rostral extent of the superior temporal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the temporo-occipital incisure on the cortical surface. The superior temporal sulcus is the medial boundary and the inferior temporal sulcus is the lateral boundary (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve | Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve | birnlex_1222 | motor trigeminal nucleus trigeminal motor nucleus trigeminal nucleus |
Nucleus located in the pontine tegmentum containing cells that give rise to motor innervation of the jaw through the trigeminal nerve. It receives both crossed and uncrossed fibers from the cerebral cortex (Heimer, L. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 2nd ed., 1996, pg 248). | |
| Neocortex | Neocortex | birnlex_2547 | neopallium homotypical cortex isocortex |
Part of cerebral cortex defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture that has six layers. Starting from the cortical surface the layers are: molecular layer (I), external granular layer (II), external pyramidal layer (III), internal granular layer (IV), internal pyramidal layer (V), and multiform layer (VI). Neocortex is most prominent in the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe, less so in the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the insula. It is composed of two subdivisions: true isocortex and proisocortex (Carpenter-83) (NN) * The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is composed of NEURONS arranged in six layers. (MSH) * the newer, 6 layered portion of the cerebral cortex showing stratification and organization characteristic of the most highly evolved type of cerebral tissue. (CSP) | * The term neocortex refers to those areas of cerebral cortex defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture that have six layers. Starting from the cortical surface the layers are: molecular layer (I), external granular layer (II), external pyramidal layer (III), internal granular layer (IV), internal pyramidal layer (V), and multiform layer (VI). Neocortex is most prominent in the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe, less so in the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the insula. It is composed of two subdivisions: true isocortex and proisocortex (Carpenter-83) (NN) * The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is composed of NEURONS arranged in six layers. (MSH) * the newer, 6 layered portion of the cerebral cortex showing stratification and organization characteristic of the most highly evolved type of cerebral tissue. (CSP) |
| Neurohypophysis | Neurohypophysis | birnlex_1586 | posterior lobe of pituitary neural lobe of pituitary |
The neurohypophysis not only consists of the nerve endings of the oxytocin- and vasopressin-secreting neurons of the hypothalamus, but also receives both dopamine- and opiate peptide-containing nerve fibers. This secondary innervation may regulate hormone secretion at the level of the nerve terminals by an action similar to presynaptic inhibition (PMID: 7088170). | * Neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis. It consists of the distal AXONS of neurons that produce VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN in the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS and the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS. These axons travel down through the MEDIAN EMINENCE, the INFUNDIBULAR STALK, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (MSH) * The neural or post-neural lobe of the pituitary gland which stores and releases vasopressin, oxytocin, and neurophysins. (NCI) * posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, making up the neural portion, including the infundibulum or neural stalk, continuous with the hypothalamus; serves as a reservoir for neurohormones vasopressin, oxytocin, and neurophysin. (CSP) |
| Nucleus accumbens | Nucleus accumbens | birnlex_727 | nucleus accumbens septi accumbens nucleus |
A region of the brain consisting of a collection of neurons located in the forebrain ventral to the caudate and putamen. (caudoputamen in rodent) and continuous with these structures. There is no distinct boundary between the nucleus accumbens and the caudate/putamen, but in rodents, it can be identified by its lack of traversing fiber bundles in comparison to the dorsal striatum. Its principle neuron is the medium spiny neuron. Together with the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), the nucleus accumbens forms the striatum. | |
| Nucleus incertus | Nucleus incertus | nlx_144477 | Distinct cell group in caudoventral regions of the pontine periventricular gray, adjacent to the ventromedial border of the caudal dorsal tegmental nucleus. | ||
| Nucleus of CNS | Nucleus of CNS | nlx_28443 | nucleus | A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO) | |
| Nucleus of field H of Forel | Nucleus of field H of Forel | nlx_144081 | Nucleus of the subthalamus comprising cells lying scattered among fiber tracts, at the level of the mesodiencephalic junction, immediately rostral to the red nucleus and ventrolateral to the ventral tegmental area (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, p 478) | ||
| Nucleus of optic tract | Nucleus of optic tract | birnlex_868 | nucleus of the optic tract optic tract nucleus |
Predominantly gray matter structure consisting of large multipoloar cells lying aong axons of the brachium of the superior colliculus, lyaing adjaent to the dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system. In several species, cells of this nucleus receive inpu from the contralateral retina (Sefton and Dreher in Paxinos, G. The rat nervous system, 1995, pg. 862). | |
| Nucleus of the stria medullaris | Nucleus of the stria medullaris | nlx_144458 | Small nucleus in the thalamus lying between the fornix and the stria medullaris. | ||
| Nucleus paramedianus dorsalis | Nucleus paramedianus dorsalis | nlx_143549 | nucleus paramedianus dorsalis | Small nucleus in the brainstem of human, located adjacent and medial to the nucleus prepositus in the dorsal medulla, described in several atlases of human brain stem. In transverse sections, it is oval with its long axis aligned with the dorsal border of the brainstem. It begins at about the same A-P level as the nucleus prepositus, just rostral to the hypoglossal nucleus. It includes calretinin immunoreactive large cells with oval or polygonal cell bodies. Cells are not immunoreactive for either calbindin or parvalbumin, but a few fibers immunoreactive to each protein are found within its central region. Cells in PMD are also immunoreactive to nNOS, and immunoreactivity to a neurofilament protein shows many labeled cells and fibers. According to Baizer et al., no equivalent structure was observed in the cat, rat, mouse or monkey atlas although they did not look at the brains of the great apes. | |
| Nucleus retroambigualis | Nucleus retroambigualis | nlx_144482 | a group of neurons in the medulla at the caudal end of the nucleus ambiguus, from which the cranial part of the accessory nerve originates (adapted from Brain Info) | ||
| Obex | Obex | nlx_151877 | Small fold of tissue found at the caudal end of the 4th ventricle on the surface of the brain in the caudal medulla. It also marks the location of the dorsal column nuclei (Adapted from Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg 135. | ||
| Occipital cortex | Occipital cortex | nlx_94204 | Gray matter of neocortex located in the occipital lobe in organisms that have distinct lobes, located in the occipital pole and continuous with the gray matter of the parietal cortex and temporal cortex | ||
| Occipital cortex of human | Occipital cortex of human | FMAID: 67325 | human occipital cortex | Gray matter located in the occipital lobe of humans which occupies the posterior-most portion of the hemisphere. Anteriorly, it shares an arbitrary border with the gray matter of the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. Medially, it is bounded by the longitudinal cerebral fissure (adapted from FMA). | |
| Occipital lobe | Occipital lobe | birnlex_1136 | Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere (MSH) | ||
| Oculomotor nuclear complex | Oculomotor nuclear complex | birnlex_1240 | oculomotor nucleus | Nuclear complex containing subnuclei that give rise to the axons of the occulomotor nerve, both motor and parasympathetic fibers, situated at the midline at the level of the superior colliculus in the midbrain tegmentum (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 533-534). | |
| Olfactory bulb | Olfactory bulb | birnlex_1137 | main olfactory bulb | Structure of the vertebrate telencephalon involved in olfaction. | |
| Olfactory bulb (main) internal plexiform layer | Olfactory bulb (main) internal plexiform layer | nlx_63363 | Lamina of the main olfactory bulb lying deep to the mitral cell layer and superficial to the granule cell layer. (in Shepherd, The Synaptic Organization of the Brain, ed 5, Fig. 5.2, page 167) | ||
| Olfactory bulb main external plexiform layer | Olfactory bulb main external plexiform layer | nlx_96 | Cytoarchitectural part of the olfactory bulb, lying superior to the mitral cell layer and inferior to the glomerular layer. The EPL is mostly neuropil composed almost entirely of mitral and tulfted cell dendrites and granule cell dendrites and their synaptic inputs. | ||
| Olfactory bulb main glomerular layer | Olfactory bulb main glomerular layer | nlx_anat_1005011 | The glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb, lying deep to the olfactory nerve layer. It contains the glomeruli, neuropil rich spheroid structures surrounded by a distinctive shell of small neuros and glial cells (Paxinos, the Rat Nervous System, 2nd ed., Academic Press, 1995). | ||
| Olfactory bulb main olfactory nerve layer | Olfactory bulb main olfactory nerve layer | nlx_anat_1005010 | Superficial layer of the main olfactory bulb containing axons from the olfactory nerve and glial cells | ||
| Olfactory cortex | Olfactory cortex | birnlex_2707 | Aggregate brain region defined as those areas of cerebral cortex receiving direct synaptic input from the olfactory bulb (Price, 1973). It usually includes the piriform cortex and sometimes other areas. | ||
| Olfactory entorhinal cortex | Olfactory entorhinal cortex | birnlex_2705 | A part of the entorhinal area defined on the basis of connectivity. It is the rostral portion, which receives a projection from the olfactory bulb (Price-90)-Adapted from Brain Info | ||
| Olfactory trigone | Olfactory trigone | birnlex_4042 | Trigonum olfactorium | A small triangular area in front of the anterior perforated substance. Its apex, directed forward, occupies the posterior part of the olfactory sulcus, and is brought into view by throwing back the olfactory tract (adapted from Wikipedia) | |
| Olfactory tubercle | Olfactory tubercle | nlx_143578 | anterior perforated space anterior perforated substance Tuberculum olfactorium |
Region in the ventral telencephalon, prominent in rodents, but present in all mammals, consisting of a laminated cortical part and the cap/hilus region. It is traditionally viewed as part of the olfactory cortex but recognized by some as having a striatal character. According to many authors, the structure of the OT transitions from cortical like to striatal like along the lateral medial axis. (Maryann Martone) | |
| Olivary pretectal nucleus | Olivary pretectal nucleus | birnlex_1037 | Small distinct nucleus in the pretectum of mammals involved in the pupillary light reflect. In rats, it is an olive shaped (anterior) nucleus lying ventral to the brachium of the superior colliculus (Paxinos, The rat nervous system, 2nd ed, 1995, pg. 862). Physiologically, it is identified by neurons sensitive to luminance changes. | ||
| Opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus | Opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus | birnlex_823 | pars opercularis gyri frontalis inferioris | Component of the inferior frontal gyrus.defined as the first gyrus from the precentral gyrus. | |
| Optic chiasm | Optic chiasm | birnlex_1416 | A location within the visual system of binocular animals where axons of retinal ganglion cells cross contralaterally or remain ipsilatterally towards termination zones in the lateral geniculate nucleus. | ||
| Optic recess of third ventricle | Optic recess of third ventricle | nlx_144280 | preoptic recess supraoptic recess Recessus opticus Recessus praeopticus Recessus supraopticus |
Recess in third ventricle lying in front of the optic chiasm at the base of the lamina terminalis | |
| Orbital frontal cortex | Orbital frontal cortex | birnlex_1049 | orbitofrontal cortex | Component of the prefontal cortex, frontal lobe, inferior region (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus | Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus | birnlex_1207 | pars orbitalis gyri frontalis inferioris | Component of the inferior frontal gyrus.defined as the first gyrus from the precentral gyrus.the remainder of the inferior frontal gyrus once the pars opercularis and triangularis have been defined (Christine Fennema-Notestine)., NeuroNames | |
| Organum vasculosum lamina terminalis | Organum vasculosum lamina terminalis | nlx_anat_100313 | supraoptic crest vascular organ of the lamina terminalis medial prechiasmatic gland optic recess organ |
circumventricular organ that forms the ventral part of the midline anterior wall of the third ventricle | |
| Paleocortex | Paleocortex | nlx_143559 | Part of the allocortex defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. The other two are archicortex and periallocortex. It consists of very thin, primitive cortex with few clearly defined layers. It is distinguished ontogenetically by the fact that it does not develop through a cortical plate. It includes the olfactory bulb, accessory olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, septum, prepyriform area and periamygdalar area ( Stephan-1975 ). (adapted from Brain Info) | ||
| Parabigeminal nucleus | Parabigeminal nucleus | birnlex_1007 | Nucleus parabigeminous Ch8 cell group |
Cholinergic cell group that is located ventral to the brachium of the inferior colliculus (in rat) and has reciprocal connectivity with the superior colliculus (Adapted from Paxinos, The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, 1995, pg 865 | |
| Parabrachial pigmented nucleus | Parabrachial pigmented nucleus | nlx_144307 | Nucleus identified in the medial ventral tegmental area that borders the red nucleus and superior cerebellar peduncle dorsally, the medial lemniscus laterally, the subtantia nigra pars compacta and paranigral nucleus ventrally and the rostral linear nucleus and interfascicular nucleus medially. Generally, the largest nucleus in the ventral tegmental area, occupying an average of 50% of the total volume as measured in rat, cat, monkey and human. | ||
| Parahippocampal gyrus | Parahippocampal gyrus | birnlex_807 | hippocampal gyrus | Component of the temporal lobe on the mesial surface, posterior to the entorhinal cortex. The rostral and caudal boundaries are the posterior end of the netorhinal cortex and the caudal portion of the hippocampus, respectively. The medial boudnary is designated as the medial aspect off the temporal lobe and the lateral boundary is the collateral sulcus (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Parasubiculum | Parasubiculum | nlx_anat_091002 | parasubicular area | A transitional zone between the presubiculum and the entorhinal area in the mouse (Paxinos-2001), the rat (Swanson-1998) and the primate (Zilles-1990). Defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture, it is more similar to the presubiculum than to the entorhinal area (Zilles-1990). (from Brain Info) | |
| Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus | Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus | birnlex_1407 | Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. (MSH) * one of the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, an elongated plate of large, deeply staining cells located close to the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamic area; major source of oxytocin and to a lesser extent, of antidiuretic hormone, neurohormones, which are carried to the neurohypophysis along the paraventriculohypophysial tract. (CSP) | * Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. (MSH) * one of the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, an elongated plate of large, deeply staining cells located close to the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamic area; major source of oxytocin and to a lesser extent, of antidiuretic hormone, neurohormones, which are carried to the neurohypophysis along the paraventriculohypophysial tract. (CSP) | |
| Parietal cortex | Parietal cortex | nlx_79282 | Gray matter of the parietal region of the neocortex, located in the parietal lobe of gyrencephalic animals. It is continuous anteriorly with the frontal cortex, posteriorly with the occipital cortex and medially with the insular cortex and with the temporal cortex on the posterior/inferior border. | ||
| Parietal lobe | Parietal lobe | birnlex_1148 | Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MSH) | Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MSH) | |
| Parvocellular oculomotor nucleus | Parvocellular oculomotor nucleus | birnlex_822 | Edinger-Westphal nucleus | Nucleus that is part of the oculomotor nerve complex consisting of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons situated close to the midline at the level of the superior colliculus (Heimer, the Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 1994, pg 244) | |
| Parvocellular part of red nucleus | Parvocellular part of red nucleus | birnlex_725 | Parvocellular red nucleus | Rostral portion of the red nucleus, located in the midbrain but originated from the diencephalon. Contains both large and small cells. | |
| Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus | Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus | birnlex_1437 | peduncular pontine nucleus pedunculopontine nucleus Nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus |
A cell group originally defined by Jacobsohn in 1909 in humans, consisting of large, darkly staining neurons adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle at the midbrain-pontine junction. In 1983, Armstrong et al. recognized that these neurons in rats are cholinergic, and closely related to a second cluster of cholinergic cells in the adjacent laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. In 1987, Rye et al. defined this cell group in rats, gave references to the earlier literature, and demonstrated that it is NOT the target of the descending pallidal projection, but rather next to a region, the Midbrain Extrapyramidal Area (MEA) that does receive this input. Some modern definitions include many non-cholinergic cells that are interspersed among the cholinergic neurons within the "PPT," but those other cell groups often extend beyond the borders of the cholinergic one, have never been characterized, and many are probably unrelated to it (or have quite different functions). Hence, for this definition, we are restricting the use to the cholinergic cell group, which was originally given this name by Jacobsohn. | |
| Periamygdaloid cortex | Periamygdaloid cortex | nlx_144210 | periamygdaloid area | Is located ventral to the basal nucleus and has three subdivisions: the periamygdaloid cortex, the medial division, and the sulcal division. | |
| Pericalcarine cortex | Pericalcarine cortex | birnlex_1059 | Component of the parietal lobe. The rostral boundary of the pericalcarine cortex was the first appearance of the calcarine sulcus whereas the caudal boundary was the most posterior coronal slice where the calcarine sulcus was visualized. The medial and lateral boundaries were the medial portion of the temporal and occipital cortices and the inferomedial end of the calcarine sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Perirhinal cortex | Perirhinal cortex | nlx_anat_1005006 | Perirhinal area | Region of cortex near to the rhinal sulcus. It is defined differently in different nomenclatures, due in part to the lack of agreement on the definition of the border of this region. In the rat, the perirhinal cortex occupies only caudal levels of the rhinal sulcus while in the monkey, it occurpies the full rostrocaudal extent of the rhinal sulcus (Burwell et al., Hippocampus, 5: 390-408, 1995). | |
| Pineal body | Pineal body | birnlex_1184 | corpus pineale epiphysis conarium epiphysis cerebri pineal gland |
A midline, cone like structure located in the dorso-caudal roof of the 3rd ventricle, attached by peduncles to the habenular and posterior commissures. The stalk contains nerve fibers, blood vessels, connective tissue and parenchymal cells (Paxinos, The Rat Central Nervous System, 2nd ed, pg 399). | |
| Piriform cortex layer 1a | Piriform cortex layer 1a | nlx_anat_091004 | Superficial part of plexiform layer (layer 1) of piriform cortex that receives afferents from the olfactory bulb by way of the lateral olfactory tract. | ||
| Piriform cortex layer 1b | Piriform cortex layer 1b | nlx_anat_091005 | Deeper part of the plexiform (layer 1) of piriform cortex characterized by projection of association fibers from other parts of the piriform cortex and other olfactory areas | ||
| Planum polare | Planum polare | nlx_144291 | A portion of the superior temporal gyrus near the temporal pole in the human. | ||
| Pons | Pons | birnlex_733 | The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. (MeSH) | ||
| Pontine nuclear complex | Pontine nuclear complex | birnlex_1516 | pontine gray pontine nuclei pontine nucleus |
Nuclei in the basal pons, intermingled among the descending axons from the cortex, that receive neocrotcial input and give rise to many axons that cross the midline to enter the contralateral cerebellum (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg 135) | |
| Pontine tegmentum | Pontine tegmentum | birnlex_923 | Dorsal portion of the pons, containing cranial nervee nuclei, ascending and descending tracts and reticular nuclei. It is continuous with the reticular formation of the medulla (Carpenter, A Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 3rd ed, 1985, pg 133). | ||
| Postcentral gyrus | Postcentral gyrus | birnlex_1070 | Component of the parietal lobe. The appearance and disappearance of the central sulcus were the rostral and caudal boundaries of the postcentral gyrus respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the lateral bank of the precentral gyrus and the lateral fissure and/or the medial bank of the superior parietal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Posterior cingulate cortex | Posterior cingulate cortex | birnlex_950 | Component of the cingulate cortex. The rostral and caudal extent were the caudal anterior and the isthmus divisions of the cingulate cortex respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the corpus callosum and as the superior frontal gyrus and/or paracentral lobule respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Posterior column of fornix | Posterior column of fornix | birnlex_754 | posterior crus of fornix crus of fornix posterior pillar of fornix |
Part of fornix adjacent to the fimbria comprising flattened bands of fibers that extend from the fimbria, running underneath the corpus callosum | |
| Posterior horn lateral ventricle | Posterior horn lateral ventricle | birnlex_1297 | occipital horn posterior horn of the lateral ventricle |
Part of the lateral ventricle that extends posteriorly into the occipital lobe. | |
| Posterior limb of internal capsule | Posterior limb of internal capsule | nlx_144258 | Portion of internal capsule lying between the globus pallidus and the thalamus (Nolte, The Human Brain, 6th ed., 2009, pg 409, modified by MM) | ||
| Posterior nuclear complex | Posterior nuclear complex | birnlex_1467 | posterior thalamic nuclear group nuclei posteriores thalami posterior nuclear complex of thalamus posterior complex of thalamus |
Part of thalamus comprising ill defined cellular groups in the caudal thalamus at the meso-diencephalic junction. It is not a homogeneous structure but consists of several distinct cellular groups, including the suprageniculate and limitans nuclei, the magnocellular division of the medial geniculate body, portions of the pulvinar nucleus and an area of mixed cell types intercalated between the ventroposterior nucleus and the nucleus lateral posterior (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 97) | |
| Posterior part of anterior commissure | Posterior part of anterior commissure | birnlex_977 | The main part of the anterior commissure, distinct from the anterior olfactory part, that interconnects the temporal lobes. (Maryann Martone) | ||
| Posterior superior fIssure | Posterior superior fIssure | nlx_anat_20081254 | Fissura Superior Posterior Superior Posterior Fissure |
Fissure between cerebellar lobules VI and VII. | |
| Posterolateral fissure | Posterolateral fissure | nlx_anat_20081259 | Fissure between cerebellar lobules IX and X. | ||
| Postsubiculum | Postsubiculum | nlx_144245 | Postsubicular cortex | Division of subicular cortex characterized by projections from the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus and to a lesser extent the anteroventral nucleus, bordered ventrally and laterally by the presubiculum and dorsally and medially by the retrosplenial granular a cortex.. The border is characterized by an abrupt change in the cyto- and chemoarchitecture | |
| Precentral fissure | Precentral fissure | nlx_anat_20081252 | Fissure between cerebellar lobules I and II. | ||
| Precentral gyrus | Precentral gyrus | birnlex_1455 | Component of the frontal lobe. The appearance and disappearance of the central sulcus is the rostral and caudal boundaries of the precentral gyrus respectively. The medial boundary is specific frontal gyri (superior, middle and inferior) whereas the lateral boundary is the medial bank of the central sulcus (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Precerebellar nucleus | Precerebellar nucleus | nlx_151901 | precerebellar nuclei | Neuron population that send all or nearly all of its efferents to the cerebellum, including cell populations in the spinal cord, the funicular nuclei, the nucleus solitarius, the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, the locus coeruleus, the inferior olive and the pontine nucleus in mammals (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg. 256.) | |
| Precommissural fornix | Precommissural fornix | birnlex_1033 | Part of fornix extending from the body that curves ventrally rostral to the crossing of the anterior commissure ending in the septal nuclei | ||
| Precuneus cortex | Precuneus cortex | birnlex_1446 | precuneus quadrate lobule precuneate lobule |
Component of the parietal lobe. The rostral boundary was the posterior extent of the paracentral lobule whereas the caudal boundary was the lingual gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries were the parieto-occipital fissure and the superior parietal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Prefrontal cortex | Prefrontal cortex | nlx_anat_090801 | The anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas.
This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social "control" (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes). Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. - definition adapted from Wikipedia |
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| Preoccipital notch | Preoccipital notch | birnlex_1436 | preoccipital notch Incisura preoccipitalis incisura parieto-occipitalis preoccipital incisura Incisura praeoccipitalis |
Small indentation on the inferior surface of the cerebral cortex at the border of the occiptal and parietal lobes. It is considered as a landmark because the occipital lobe is located just behind the line that connects that notch with the parietoccipital sulcus (adapted from Wikipedia). | |
| Preoptic area | Preoptic area | birnlex_1706 | Preoptic nuclei area proptica area praeoptica |
Region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm. (MSH) * pertaining to the region in or adjoining the part of the third ventricle immediately anterior to the optic chiasm. (CSP) | |
| Prepyramidal fissure | Prepyramidal fissure | nlx_anat_20081257 | Fissura Inferior Anterior Fissura Parafloccularis Prebiventral Fissure |
Fissure between cerebellar lobules VIIBii and VIII. | |
| Pretectum | Pretectum | nlx_59721 | pretectal region | Region of brain lying between the midbrain tectum and the thalamus (Sefton and Dreher, in Paxinos, G The rat central nervous system, 1995, pg 859), Situated at the level of poterior commissure and just rostral to the superior colliculus (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed, 1981, pg 542) | |
| Primary Motor Cortex Lamina V | Primary Motor Cortex Lamina V | nlx_144263 | Lamina of primary motor cortex | ||
| Primary motor cortex | Primary motor cortex | nlx_143555 | primary motor area | The part of the cerebral cortex that receives projections from the motor thalamus and which projects to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The motor cortex corresponds to Brodmann's area 4 (MM). The primary motor cortex, or M1, is located on the precentral gyrus and on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain. Of the three motor cortex areas, stimulation of the primary motor cortex requires the least amount of electrical current to elicit a movement. http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter03.html | |
| Primary motor cortex lamina VI | Primary motor cortex lamina VI | nlx_144264 | primary motor cortex layer 6 | Lamina of primary motor cortex | |
| Primary olfactory cortex | Primary olfactory cortex | birnlex_2706 | primary olfactory areas | The term primary olfactory areas in the primate, refers to a group of structures defined by connectivity, namely, structures that receive axons from the olfactory bulb. They include the anterior olfactory nucleus, the anterior perforated substance, the rostral part of the medial amygdaloid nucleus (anterior cortical nucleus of amygdala), and structures in the anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus, namely, the prepyriform area, most of the periamygdaloid area, and the rostral part of the entorhinal area (Price-90). Note that some authors have regarded the olfactory bulb itself as the primary olfactory area and the areas to which it projects as secondary (Anthoney-94). In the mouse (Dong-2004) and the rat (Swanson-2004), olfactory areas include the olfactory bulb, accessory olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, tenia tecta, prepyriform area, postpiriform transition area, piriform amygdaloid area, nucleus of lateral olfactory tract, and cortical amygdaloid area. | |
| Primary visual cortex | Primary visual cortex | nlx_143552 | V1 striate cortex |
Region of visual cortex that receives visual input from the eyes through the lateral geniculate nuclei (Sadato et al., 1996, PMID: 8606771). | |
| Principal anterior division of supraoptic nucleus | Principal anterior division of supraoptic nucleus | nlx_528 | One of two divisions of the supraoptic nucleus observed in mammals, formed by the ascension of the optic chiasm to split the nucleus in two. The principal anterior division consists of a dense cluster of large cells that stain darkly in Nissl preparations adjacent to the optic chiasm, extending as far rostrally to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and caudally into the posterior hypothalamus | ||
| Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve | Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve | birnlex_1120 | main sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve | Nucleus in the pontine tegmentum. One of trigeminal nerve nuclei that receive sensory input from the trigeminal ganglia. (Heimer, L. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 2nd Ed, 1996, page 248). | |
| Pulvinar | Pulvinar | birnlex_824 | pulvinar nucleus pulvinar thalami nuclei pulvinares |
a set of nuclei located in the posterior thalamus, that projects to all or nearly all extra-striate visual areas. | |
| Putamen | Putamen | birnlex_809 | nucleus putamen | Subcortical nucleus of telencephalon , which together with the caudate nucleus, forms the striatum. The putamen lies lateral to the internal capsule and medial to the external medullary lamina, and is separated from the caudate nucleus by the fibers of the internal capsule for most of its length, except at its anterior portion. | |
| Pyramid | Pyramid | nlx_21189 | medullary pyramid pyramis |
White matter structure at the base of the medulla containing the axons of the corticospinal tract (MM) | |
| Raphe Nuclei | Raphe Nuclei | nlx_anat_20090205 | The raphe nuclei are thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane. | ||
| Red nucleus | Red nucleus | birnlex_1478 | Nucleus ruber | Large round nucleus located in the midbrain tegmentum, consisting of a magnocellular and parvicellular portion in most species studied. | |
| Retrohippocampal region of ABA 2009 | Retrohippocampal region of ABA 2009 | nlx_151332 | Super=parcellation of ABA Mouse Brain atlas 2009 comprising the entorhinal area, parasubiculum, pre-subiculum, post-subiculum and subiculum | ||
| Retrorubral area | Retrorubral area | nlx_395 | A8 | The term retrorubral area of the midbrain reticular nucleus refers to a region of the rat brain caudal and dorsal to the ventral tegmental area. It is one of three parts of the midbrain reticular nucleus; the other two are the magnocellular part of the midbrain reticular nucleus and the parvicellular part of the midbrain reticular nucleus (Swanson-2004). BrainInfo distinguishes between the Retrorubral area of the midbrain reticular formation and the retrorubral nucleus. | |
| Right frontal lobe | Right frontal lobe | birnlex_1786 | Frontal lobe of the right hemisphere of the brain | ||
| Right occipital lobe | Right occipital lobe | birnlex_1783 | Occipital lobe of the right hemisphere of the brain | ||
| Right parietal lobe | Right parietal lobe | birnlex_1729 | Parietal lobe of the right hemisphere of the brain | ||
| Rostral anterior cingulate cortex | Rostral anterior cingulate cortex | birnlex_975 | Component of the cingulate cortex. The rostral boundary was the first appearance of the cingulate sulcus (inferior to the superior frontal sulcus) whereas the caudal boundary was the first appearance of the genu of the corpus callosum. The medial boundary was the medial aspect of the cortex. The supero-lateral boundary was the superior frontal gyrus whereas the infero-lateral boundary was defined as the medial division of the orbitofrontal gyrus (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Rostral linear nucleus | Rostral linear nucleus | nlx_144319 | Nucleus of the medial ventral tegmental area, originally identified in the rat but also in cat, monkey and human, comprising an average of 7% volume of the VTA across the different species, with the largest being present in the cat. | ||
| Rostral middle frontal gyrus | Rostral middle frontal gyrus | birnlex_1090 | Component of the middl frontal gyrus The rostral boundary is the first appearance of the superior frontal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the middle frontal gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries are the superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Rostral migratory stream | Rostral migratory stream | birnlex_1702 | Unique telencephalic subventricular zones that extend from the lateral ventricles into the olfactory bulbs. Newly produced GABAergic interneurons migrate along the RMS and settle in the bulb. | ||
| Rostral spinocerebellar tract | Rostral spinocerebellar tract | nlx_69382 | Cervical equivalent to the ventral spinocerebellar tract (Heimer, L: The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 1995, pg 370). Originates from cells rostral to Clarke's column and sends uncrossed axons through the lateral funiculus to the cerebellum. It reaches the cerebellum partly through the brachium conjunctivum and partly through the restiform body, terminating bilaterally in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. | ||
| Secondary fissure | Secondary fissure | nlx_anat_20081258 | Fissura Secunda Fissura Retrotonsillaris Fissura Intraparafloccularis |
Fissure between cerebellar lobules VIII and IX. | |
| Secondary olfactory cortex | Secondary olfactory cortex | birnlex_2709 | secondary olfactory cortical area (Carpenter) area 28 of Brodmann (Crosby) secondary olfactory areas |
Brodmann's area 28; major gateway for neocortical input to the hippocampus; origin of the perforant pathway; a component of the medial temporal lobe memory system. (CSP) * The cytoarchitecturally well-defined area of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY. (Stedman, 25th ed) (MSH) | |
| Septal nuclear complex | Septal nuclear complex | birnlex_1313 | Septal nuclei | Collection of nerve cells in the medial forebrain lying generally in front of the anterior commissure (Maryann Martone). | |
| Septal pellucidum | Septal pellucidum | birnlex_1315 | Medial septum | A triangular double membrane, consisting of glial cells and fibers (Heimer, 1996) separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. | |
| Septohippocampal nucleus | Septohippocampal nucleus | nlx_60880 | Part of septal nuclear complex. In the human, it refers to the most caudal of scattered clusters of neurons in the septum pellucidum that extend, on the underside of the corpus callosum, from the level of the medial septal nucleus to the CA fields ( Crosby-1962 ). In the rat it is associated with the lateral septal nucleus throughout its rostro-caudal course toward the CA fields ( Swanson-1998. Adapted from Brain Info. | ||
| Septum | Septum | birnlex_963 | Gray matter structure located on the midline of the forebrain consisting of the septum pellucidum (in some species) and the septal nuclei (Heimer, 1996). | ||
| Septum pellucidum | Septum pellucidum | nlx_144186 | SP | A thin membrane located at the midline of the brain in the forebrain in primates. (NINDS Disorder Index, http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/absence_septum_pellucidum/absence_septum_pellucidum.htm) | |
| Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area | Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area | nlx_152051 | Nucleus in the medial preoptic area that shows marked sexual dimorphism, being much larger in the male than the female. | ||
| Shell of nucleus accumbens | Shell of nucleus accumbens | nlx_anat_20090307 | Nucleus accumbens shell | Crescent shaped outer zone of the nucleus accumbens, defined by a combination of chemoarchitecture and afferent and efferent connections. The shell is distinguished from the more centrally located core through the notable reduction in staining for the calcium-binding protein calbindin D28K, which is dense in the core and virtually absent in the shell. | |
| Sommer's sector | Sommer's sector | nlx_anat_1005009 | Sommers sector | Part of hippocampal formation comprising area CA1 and the subiculum (pg 425, Heimer, L. The human brain and spinal cord, Springer-Verlag, 1995) | |
| Spinal trigeminal tract of medulla | Spinal trigeminal tract of medulla | birnlex_1477 | Part of spinal trigeminal tract located in the medulla | ||
| Spinothalamic tract of medulla | Spinothalamic tract of medulla | birnlex_741 | Part of spinothalamic tract in the medulla | ||
| Spinothalamic tract of pons | Spinothalamic tract of pons | birnlex_1719 | Part of spinothalamic tract that is in the pontine tegmentum | ||
| Stratum lacunosum moleculare | Stratum lacunosum moleculare | birnlex_1359 | Stratum lacunosum-moleculare | Layer of the hippocampus lying just superficial to the stratum radiatum and bounded by the pial surface of the hippocampus. The fibers of the perforant pathway fibers from entorhinal cortex and several other brain areas terminate in this layer. Adapted from Paxinos, G. The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995, pg. 460) | A cytoarchitectural term denoting the outermost layer of the hippocampus (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). |
| Stratum lucidum | Stratum lucidum | birnlex_4108 | Layer of hippocampus area CA3 lying superficial to the pyramidal cell layer that contains mossy fiber axons projecting from the dentate gyrus. A slight thickening in this layer marks the border in some species between areas CA2 and CA3. dapted from Paxinos, G. The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995, pg. 460) | A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the CA3 field of the HIPPOCAMPUS that is deep to the Stratum pyramidale hippocampi and superficial to the Stratum radiatum (Hof-2000). | |
| Stratum oriens | Stratum oriens | birnlex_4113 | polymorphic layer of the hippocampus oriens layer of the hippocampus |
Layer that is part of the CA fields of the hippocampus consisting of a narrow relatively cell free layer located deep to the pyramidal cell layer extending through areas CA1, CA2 and CA3. (adapted from Paxinos The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995) | The term Stratum oriens is a cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus that is deep to the Stratum pyramidale and superficial to the alveus (Stephan-75). |
| Stratum pyramidale | Stratum pyramidale | birnlex_1444 | Pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus stratum pyramidale hippocampal pyramidal cell layer Pyramidal layer of hippocampus |
Layer of the hippocampus containing dense packing of pyramidal cell bodies | A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus in which pyramidal cells are predominant. Its location is superficial to the Stratum oriens; it is deep to the Stratum radiatum in area CA1 and area CA2 and deep to the Stratum lucidum in area CA3 (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). |
| Stratum radiatum | Stratum radiatum | birnlex_1298 | Layer of the hippocampus lying just superficial to the stratum lucidum in CA3 and the pyramidal cell layer in CA1 and CA2 defined by the the location of CA3 to CA3 associational fibers and the Schaffer collaterals in area CA1. Adapted from Paxinos, G. The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995, pg. 460) | The term Stratum radiatum is a cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus located deep to the Stratum lacunosum-moleculare and superficial to the Stratum pyramidale (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). | |
| Stria medullaris | Stria medullaris | birnlex_1066 | stria medullaris of thalamus stria medullaris (Wenzel - Wenzel) stria medullaris thalami stria medullaris thalamica stria habenularis |
White matter pathway located in the superior wall of the third ventricle along the dorsal-medial margin of the diencephalon; contains axons that interconnect the anterior hypothalamus and septal nuclei in the medial basal forebrain with the habenula, a component of the epithalamus. (http://www.sylvius.com/index/s/stria_medullaris.html) | |
| Stria terminalis | Stria terminalis | birnlex_937 | White matter structure in the brain consisting of fibers running along the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the thalamus. The stria terminalis covers the thalamostriate vein, marking a line of separation between the thalamus and the caudate nucleus as seen upon gross dissection of the ventricles of the brain, viewed from the superior aspect. The stria terminalis extends from the region of the interventricular foramen to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, carrying fibers from the amygdala to the septal, hypothalamic, and thalamic areas of the brain. It also carries fibers projecting from these areas back to the amygdala. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stria_terminalis) | White matter structure in the brain consisting of fibers running along the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the thalamus. The stria terminalis covers the thalamostriate vein, marking a line of separation between the thalamus and the caudate nucleus as seen upon gross dissection of the ventricles of the brain, viewed from the superior aspect. The stria terminalis extends from the region of the interventricular foramen to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, carrying fibers from the amygdala to the septal, hypothalamic, and thalamic areas of the brain. It also carries fibers projecting from these areas back to the amygdala. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stria_terminalis) | |
| Striatal cell bridges | Striatal cell bridges | nlx_144099 | Thin fingers of striatal matter seen within the fibers of the internal capsule running between the caudate nucleus and the putamen. | ||
| Striatum | Striatum | birnlex_1672 | neostriatum caudate putamen dorsal striatum |
* Externally Sourced Definition: A region of the brain consisting of the phylogenetically newer part of the Corpus_striatum (Caudate_nucleus and Putamen). | |
| Striosome | Striosome | nlx_anat_20090506 | Striosomal compartment patch compartment |
One of two compartments identified in the neostriatum, particularly the caudate nucleus, on the basis of differential staining for several biochemical markers such as acetylcholinesterase and calbindin. In individual sections, the striosomes appear as small patches of differentially high or low staining activity. In three dimensions, they form a 3D labyrinth extending throughout the caudate nucleus and in the putamen. | |
| Subbrachial nucleus | Subbrachial nucleus | nlx_anat_1005003 | A group of cells ventral to the nucleus of brachium of inferior colliculus in the mouse (Paxinos-2001). | ||
| Subfornical organ | Subfornical organ | nlx_anat_100314 | Group of neurons situated on the ventral surface of the fornix at the level of the foramen of Monro in the third ventricle (adapted from Wikipedia) | ||
| Subicular complex | Subicular complex | birnlex_944 | A composite structure of the temporal lobe that includes the subiculum, the presubiculum and the parasubicular area (Amaral-90) | ||
| Subiculum | Subiculum | birnlex_1305 | Subicular cortex | Part of the hippocampal formation that is bounded by the entorhinal cortex and area CA1. It is characterized on the CA1 border by an abrupt widening of the pyramidal cell layer. A molecular layer is present that is continuous with that of CA1, although the stratum radiatum is no longer present. The stratum oriens is also not present. adapted from Paxinos, G. The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995, pg. 468) | |
| Subiculum molecular layer | Subiculum molecular layer | nlx_anat_1008007 | molecular layer of subiculum subiculum stratum moleculare |
Layer of the subiculum characterized by a paucity of cells lying superficial to the subiculum pyramidal cell layer. It is continuous with the stratum radiaum and stratum moleculare-lacunosum of CA1. Adapted from Paxinos, G. The rat central nervous system, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995, pg. 468) | |
| Subiculum pyramidal cell layer | Subiculum pyramidal cell layer | nlx_anat_1008010 | Subiculum stratum pyramidale | Layer of the subiculum cotnatining relatively densely packed pyramidal cells that is continuous with the pyramidal cell layer of CA1 but widens considerably compared to that in CA1. | |
| Submedial nucleus | Submedial nucleus | birnlex_946 | submedial nucleus thalamus submedial nucleus of thalamus nucleus submedius thalami gelatinosus thalamic nucleus submedial thalamic nucleus |
Thalamic nucleus separated from the ventromedial part of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus by the internal medullary lamina (Paxinos The rat nervous system 2nd ed, Academic Press, 1995). | |
| Substantia gelatinosa | Substantia gelatinosa | nlx_259 | Rexed lamina II | Gray matter region of spinal cord gray matter that caps the posterior horn at all spinal levels. | |
| Substantia innominata | Substantia innominata | birnlex_915 | A predominantly gray matter structure of the basal telencephalon defined on the basis of Nissl stain. Caudal to the anterior commissure it lies deep to the globus pallidus and dorsal to the amygdala. Rostral to the anterior commissure it lies deep to the striatum. The more rostral portion contains the basal forebrain nucleus ( Anthoney-1994 ). In the late twentieth century the region containing the substantia innominata was resegmented on the basis of neurochemistry and connectivity to constitute the striatopallidal system ( Heimer-1995 ). In this scheme the caudal portion of substantia innominata is located largely in the ventral pallidum and the rostral portion in the ventral striatum. (from Brain Info) | ||
| Substantia nigra | Substantia nigra | birnlex_789 | Predominantly gray matter midbrain structure lying dorsal to the crus cerebri and ventral to the midbrain tegmentum. It is divided into a dorsal, cellularly compact region known as the pars compacta and a more ventrally located, containing more loosely packed cells, the pars reticulata. The most lateral region of the reticulata is identified as the pars lateralis (MM). | ||
| Substantia nigra pars compacta | Substantia nigra pars compacta | birnlex_990 | pars compacta Substantia nigra compact part Substantia nigra compacta |
Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of a densely packed region of cells, more or less dorsal to the pars reticulata, but extending into the pars reticulata in some species. The dominant neurotransmitter used by pars compacta neurons is dopamine. Pars compacta neurons are pigmented in many species (MM). | |
| Substantia nigra pars lateralis | Substantia nigra pars lateralis | birnlex_866 | pars lateralis | Part of the pars reticulata of substantia nigra. It is the lateral, 'most fibrous' part (Poirier-83), which is regarded to be the phylogenetically oldest part of the substantia nigra and the only part found in nonmammalian vertebrates (Crosby-62) (Adapted from Brain Info: http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2159) | |
| Substantia nigra pars reticulata | Substantia nigra pars reticulata | birnlex_968 | pars reticulata Substantia nigra reticulata |
Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of loosely packed cells, generally located ventral and lateral to the pars compacta. Many cells in this region use GABA as a neurotransmitter (MM). | |
| Subthalamic nucleus | Subthalamic nucleus | nlx_anat_1010002 | Body of Luys | Lens shaped nucleus lying in the subthalamus | |
| Subventricular Zone | Subventricular Zone | nlx_144262 | subependymal zone | The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of two sources of adult-born neurons in the mammalian brain, the other being the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. In most adult mammals, the SVZ is a three-layered sheath that lies along the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle and consists of type A, B, and C cells. Type A rest along the ventricle wall and are neuronal precursor cells, Type B are adjacent astrocytes, and Type C are immature precursors to the Type A neuroblasts. The neuronal precursor cells travel along the rostral migratory stream ensheathed in a tube of Type B astrocytes, until they reach the olfactory bulb. There they integrate into the existing cellular network and mature into local interneurons. While the majority become adult-born granule cells, a subset become periglomerular cells. Interestingly, the human SVZ differs from other mammals' in several ways. It consists of four layers rather than three: ependymal cells (layer I), a hypo cellular gap (layer II), a ribbon of astrocytes (layer III), and a transitional zone (layer IV). The astrocytes are capable of differentiating into many kinds of tissue including new neurons. However, there is no evidence that the proliferating neurons travel along the rostral migratory stream in a chain to populate the olfactory bulb with new interneurons, as is the case for other mammals. | |
| Superior central nucleus | Superior central nucleus | birnlex_889 | nucleus centralis superior | A large cell serotonergic raphe nucleus in the upper pons and lower mesencephalon that is part of the reticular formation | |
| Superior cerebellar peduncle | Superior cerebellar peduncle | birnlex_1711 | brachium conjunctivum | A composite structure of the brain stem, which in NeuroNames is subdivided into the superior cerebellar peduncle of pons, the decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle and the superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain (MM). | |
| Superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain | Superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain | birnlex_1162 | Regional part of superior cerebellar peduncle, located in the midbrain, consisting of a large bundle of fibers largely projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the midbrain and thalamus. It is continuous with the superior cerebellar peduncle of the pons. (MM). | ||
| Superior colliculus | Superior colliculus | birnlex_1040 | Part of the midbrain tecturm consisting of paired bodies that sit caudal to the thalamus and surround the pineal gland in the mesencephalon of vertebrate brains. It comprises the rostral aspect of the midbrain, posterior to the periaqueductal gray and adjacent superior the inferior colliculus. The inferior and superior colliculi are known collectively as the corpora quadrigemina (Latin, quadruplet bodies). It consists of several identified cellular layers and also comprises the brachium of the superior colliculus and commissure of supeior colliculus from Wikipedia.org and Neuronames (MM). | ||
| Superior frontal gyrus | Superior frontal gyrus | birnlex_1303 | Component of the frontal lobe, lateral aspect. The rostral boundary is the first appearance of the superior frontal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the midpoint of the paracentral sulcus on the "inflated" surface. The medial and lateral boundaries are the medial aspect of the frontal lobe and the superior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Superior olive | Superior olive | birnlex_900 | Part of the superior olivary complex of nuclei in the caudal pontine tegmentum, situated within the trapezoid body in humans. (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd edition, 1981, pg 617). In many species, it comprises a medial superior olivary nucleus and a lateral superior olivary nucleus. | ||
| Superior parietal cortex | Superior parietal cortex | birnlex_1450 | superior portion of parietal gyrus superior parietal gyrus superior parietal lobule |
Component of the parietal lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the superior parietal cortex were the precentral gyrus and lateral occipital cortex respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the precuneus and/or cuneus cortex and the infererior parietal cortex respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Superior salivatory nucleus | Superior salivatory nucleus | birnlex_1131 | Nucleus containing parasympathetic neurons giving rise to the parasympathetic division of the facial nerve, innervating the salivary glands (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 703). | ||
| Superior temporal gyrus | Superior temporal gyrus | birnlex_1648 | Gyrus temporalis superior | Component of the temporal lobe, lateral aspect. The rostral boundary is the rostral extent of the ssuperior temporal sulcus. The caudal boundary is the cauday portion of the superior temporal gyrus (posterior to becoming continuous with the supramarginal gyrus). The medial boundary is the lateral fissure (and when present the supramarginal gyrus), and the lateral boundary is the superior temporal suclus (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus | Suprachiasmatic nucleus | birnlex_1325 | suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus nucleus suprachiasmaticus |
* An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm. (MSH) * small group of nerve cell bodies in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus, just above the optic chiasm; influences rhythmic aspects of hypothalamic functions in many vertebrate species. (CSP) | |
| Supramarginal gyrus | Supramarginal gyrus | birnlex_1381 | Component of the parietal lobe. The first coronal slice between the superior temporal gyrus and the postcentral gyrus where the supramarginal gyrus appears was the rostral boundary whereas the slice where the supramarginal gyrus becomes continuous with the superior parietal gyrus was the caudal boundary. The medial and lateral boundaries were the lateral banks of the intraparietal sulcus and the medial banks of the lateral fissure and/or the superior temporal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Supraoptic nucleus | Supraoptic nucleus | birnlex_1411 | supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus | Well defined nucleus containing large cells in the anterior hypothalamus located above the beginning of the optic tract on both sides of the brain. At its most anterior end, it is situated above and lateral to the optic chiasm. | |
| Tail of caudate nucleus | Tail of caudate nucleus | birnlex_1215 | Narrowest part of the caudate nucleus, roughtly defined as that portion that curves ventrally from the body of the caudate nucleus, following the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle | ||
| Telencephalon | Telencephalon | birnlex_1115 | The telencephalon is the name for a large region within the brain that is attributed many functions. Many people refer to it as the cerebrum; however, it is technically referred to as the telencephalon. As a more technical definition, the telencephalon refers to the cerebral hemispheres and other, smaller structures within the brain, although the telencephalon is one of the larger divisions (in terms of number). It is the anterior-most embryological division of the brain that develops from the prosencephalon. The telencephalon is composed of the following sub-regions; Limbic system; Cerebral cortex or cortices of the cerebral hemispheres, Basal ganglia, Olfactory bulb. The telencephalon comprises what most people think of as the "brain." It lies on top of the brainstem and is the largest and most well-developed of the five major divisions of the brain. The telencephalon is the newest structure in the phylogenetic sense, with mammals having the largest and most well-developed among all species. It emerges from the prosencephalon, the first of three vesicles that form from the embryonic neural tube (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Telencephalon of primate | Telencephalon of primate | nlx_anat_1005012 | primate telencephalon | The telencephalon of the primate | |
| Telencephalon of rodent | Telencephalon of rodent | nlx_anat_1005015 | Rodent telencephalon | The telencephalon of a rodent | |
| Temporal cortex | Temporal cortex | nlx_94939 | Gray matter of the temporal region of the neocortex, located in the temporal lobe in gyrencephalic animals | ||
| Temporal lobe | Temporal lobe | birnlex_1160 | Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MSH) | Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MSH) | |
| Temporal operculum | Temporal operculum | birnlex_1025 | Part of temporal lobe overlaying the insular cortex | ||
| Temporal pole | Temporal pole | birnlex_1055 | temporopolar cortex | Anterior component of the temporal lobe (rostral boundary) extends caudally to the entorhinal cortex. The medial and lateral boundaries are the medial aspect of the temporal lobe and the superior or inferior temporal sulci, respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Temporoparietal junction | Temporoparietal junction | nlx_144255 | an area of the brain that locates at the interception of temporal and parietal cortices (at the posterior end of the Sylvian fissure). | ||
| Thalamus | Thalamus | birnlex_954 | Subcortical brain region consisting of paired gray matter bodies in the dorsal diencephalon and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups.(MeSH). | ||
| Third ventricle | Third ventricle | birnlex_714 | 3rd ventricle | Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large cavity in the midline of the diencephalon; it is continuous with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen and the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct. (Maryann Martone. It is bounded anteriorly by the lamina terminalis; much of the medial surface is formed by the thalamus and hypothalamus; part of the hypothalamus forms its floor (Nolte, the Human Brain, 6th ed., 2009, pg 101). | |
| Transverse temporal cortex | Transverse temporal cortex | birnlex_1389 | Component of the temporal lobe, lateral aspect. The rostral boundary is the first appearance of the transverse temporal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the last slice where the transverse temporal cortex could be identified before its merger into the insular cortex. The lateral fissure and the superior temporal gyrus are the medial and lateral boundaries respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ||
| Trapezoid body | Trapezoid body | birnlex_707 | Bundles of axons traversing the pontine tegmentum oriented in the mediolateral direction. These fibers are related to the auditory pathway. Nuclei are embedded within these fibers. | ||
| Triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus | Triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus | birnlex_1216 | pars triangularis gyri frontalis inferioris | Component of the inferior frontal gyrus.defined as the second gyrus from the precentral gyrus (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | |
| Trochlear nucleus | Trochlear nucleus | birnlex_1488 | nucleus of the trochlear nerve | Nucleus in the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus near the midline, containing the motor neurons giving rise to the trochlear nerve, innervating the contralateral superior oblique extraocular muscle of the eye (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed, 1981, pg. 533). | |
| Tuber cinereum | Tuber cinereum | birnlex_1189 | Layer of gray matter in the hypothalamus that also forms part of the floor of the third ventricle and merges anteriorly into the infundibulum. (MSH) | ||
| Tuberal supraoptic nucleus | Tuberal supraoptic nucleus | nlx_288 | retrochiasmatic subdivision | Posterior division of the supraoptic nucleus, formed by the ascension of the optic tract splitting the nucleus into two regions. The tuberal SON lies along the posterior tuber cinereum of the hypothalamus. In some species, some neurons lie under the optic chiasm. | |
| Uncinate fasciculus | Uncinate fasciculus | birnlex_983 | Pathway arising from the fastigial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei, reticular formation, motor neurons of brainstem and cervical spinal cord (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg 261). | ||
| Uncinate fasciculus of forebrain | Uncinate fasciculus of forebrain | nlx_98733 | uncinate fasiculus | A fiber pathway in the cerebral white matter that connects anterior portions of the temporal lobe with the inferior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. It is not readily distinguished in myelin-stained cross-sections (adapted from Brain Info). | |
| Ventral acoustic stria | Ventral acoustic stria | birnlex_991 | White matter structure containing fibers arising from neurons in the cochlear nuclear complex | ||
| Ventral nuclear group | Ventral nuclear group | birnlex_1669 | ventral group of dorsal thalamus ventral tier thalamic nuclei nuclei ventrales thalami ventral nuclear mass ventral nuclei of thalamus |
Mostly gray regional part of the lateral thalamic region, consisting of a large group of nuclei lying between the internal medullary lamina and the internal capsule. It includes the ventral anterior, ventral lateral, and ventral posterior nuclei (MM: 2006-10-26) | |
| Ventral pallidum | Ventral pallidum | birnlex_1674 | A composite structure primarily of forebrain with arguable extension into the midbrain. It is part of the striatopallidal system, which is defined on the basis of neurochemistry and connectivity. It includes the portions of the globus pallidus and the substantia innominata located ventral to the anterior commissure; it extends into the anterior perforated substance and, in some respects, pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. Its boundary with the dorsal pallidum is indistinct in sections stained for Nissl substance (Heimer-95) | A composite structure primarily of forebrain with arguable extension into the midbrain. It is part of the striatopallidal system, which is defined on the basis of neurochemistry and connectivity. It includes the portions of the globus pallidus and the substantia innominata located ventral to the anterior commissure; it extends into the anterior perforated substance and, in some respects, pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. Its boundary with the dorsal pallidum is indistinct in sections stained for Nissl substance (Heimer-95). | |
| Ventral posterior nucleus | Ventral posterior nucleus | birnlex_1116 | ventrobasal nucleus ventrobasal complex nucleus ventralis posterior nucleus ventrales posteriores ventral posterior thalamic nucleus |
Part of thalamus receiving primary somatic sensory information via the medial lemniscal pathway that projects to the primary somatosensory cortex (adapted from Paxinos, The Rat Nervous System, 2nd Ed, Academic Press, 1995). | |
| Ventral striatum | Ventral striatum | nlx_57107 | A composite structure of the telencephalon that is defined in the striatopallidal system by connectivity and neurochemical staining. It includes the nucleus accumbens, the most ventral portions of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, the rostrolateral portion of the anterior perforated substance, the islands of Calleja and a rostral subcommissural portion of substantia innominata. The boundary between the ventral striatum and dorsal striatum is indistinct in sections stained for Nissl substance (Heimer-1995; adapted from Brain Info). | ||
| Ventral tegmental area | Ventral tegmental area | birnlex_1415 | ventromedial mesencephalic tegmentum ventral tegmental area of Tsai |
Unpaired midbrain region situated in the ventromedial portion of the reticular formation. The VTA is medial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus, and extends caudally from the posterior hypothalamus in the diencephalon. The VTA contains dopamine neurons that project to various limbic and cortical areas and is a critical component of the brain's reward circuitry. | |
| Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus | Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus | birnlex_1572 | Ventromedial hypothalamus ventromedial nucleus ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus |
A nucleus of the middle hypothalamus, the largest cell group of the tuberal region with small-to-medium size cells. (MSH) | |
| Vermis | Vermis | birnlex_1106 | A subregion of the cerebellar cortex, consisting of the most medial zone of the cerebellar cortex, stradding the midline. May be continuous with the lateral cerebellar hemispheres in some areas of the cerebellum, e.g., dorsally, or separated by deeper fissures in others (e.g., ventrally) | ||
| Waist area of the parabrachial nucleus | Waist area of the parabrachial nucleus | nlx_68711 | waist subnucleus of the parabrachial nucleus waist part of the parabrachial nucleus |
"The term waist part of the parabrachial nucleus refers to a transition zone between the medial parabrachial nucleus and the lateral parabrachial nucleus where they join in the mouse ( Paxinos-2001 )" (From Neuronames ID 1892) | |
| Wernicke's area | Wernicke's area | nlx_144087 | Triangular area of Wernicke | Cortical area located in the middle to posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere. Wernicke's area is primary to language comprehension of individual words (http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/180711.html). | |
| White laminae of cerebellum | White laminae of cerebellum | birnlex_1105 | Laminae albae of cerebellar cortex | The white laminae of cerebellum is subdivision of the cerebellar cortex comprised of myelinated axons lying deep to the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. | |
| White matter of the cerebellar cortex | White matter of the cerebellar cortex | nlx_anat_20081249 | White matter that lies deep to the granular cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains afferents to the cerebellar cortex and axons that run between the cerebellar cortex and the deep cerebellar nuclei. | ||
| Zona incerta | Zona incerta | nlx_190 | A large, horizontally elongated region of gray matter located in the subthalamus, wedged just below the ventral tier of the thalamus and the subthalamic nucleus. |
