Intrinsic neuron

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Intrinsic neuron

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Name:	Intrinsic neuron
Description:	A neuron whose axonal projections do not leave the anatomical region in which its cell soma lies.
Synonym(s):	local circuit neuron, interneuron
Super-category:	Defined neuron class
Id:	nlx_cell_1003113
Link to OWL / RDF:	Download this content as OWL/RDF

This table is generated programmatically from the property "Role" assigned to members of the Neuron class. To add to this list, go to the category page for the type of neuron you are interested in adding and add "intrinsic neuron role" to the "Has role" field in the Petilla form.

xref: BAMSC961

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Overview

A

B

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis spiny neuron with chandelier-like axon

C

H

M

Mushroom body (Honey bee) Kenyon cell

N

N cont.

O

R

R cont.

S

T

Detail

	Neurotransmitter	Synonym	Definition	Located in
Amygdala basolateral nuclear complex nonpyramidal PV basket cell	GABA		Multipolar nonpyramidal interneuron whose axon forms multiple synaptic contacts with the somata of numerous neighboring pyramidal cells. It is one of several parvalbumin-containing interneuronal subpopulations.	Basolateral nuclear complex
Amygdala basolateral nuclear complex nonpyramidal PV chandelier cell	GABA	axo-axonic interneuron	Multipolar nonpyramidal interneuron whose axon forms multiple synaptic contacts with the axon initial segments of numerous neighboring pyramidal cells. It is one of several parvalbumin-containing interneuronal subpopulations.	Basolateral nuclear complex
Amygdala basolateral nuclear complex nonpyramidal SOM neuron	GABA		Somatostatin-containing nonpyramidal neuron whose axon forms synaptic contacts with the distal dendrites and spines of neighboring pyramidal cells. Although generally considered an interneuron, at least some of these cells have distant axonal projections to the substantia innominata or entorhinal cortex. A subpopulation expresses neuropeptide Y.	Basolateral nuclear complex
Antennal lobe (Honey bee) interneuron	GABA Histamine Glutamate	Antennal lobe local interneuron	Interglomerular local interneurons in the antennal lobe of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Homoglomerular and heteroglomerular innervation patterns. Total of 4000 neurons, about two third GABA immunoreactive. Other transmitters possibly histamine and glutamate.	Antennal lobe
Antennal lobe (Manduca) interneuron	GABA	multiglomerular local interneuron	local interneuron in the tobacco hornworm moth, in neuronal cell groups at the border of the antennal lobe (mainly lateral group) that express various neuropeptides in subsets of LNs	Antennal lobe
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis spiny neuron with chandelier-like axon		dense axon plexus forming neuron dense axon plexus forming cell		Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis oval nucleus
Cerebellum basket cell	GABA	Cerebellar basket cell	Intrinsic cell residing in the inner third of the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Axons extend laterally, transverse to the folium, and densely innervate the somata of Purkinje neurons. Axon collaterals of the basket cell axon form the specialized terminal plexus, the "pinceau", around the Purkinje cell axon initial segment. Llinas, Walton and Lang. In: The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. 5th ed. 2004.	Molecular layer of cerebellar cortex
Cochlear nucleus (dorsal) cartwheel cell	Glycine	Cartwheel neuron	The cell body lies in the pyramidal cell layer, and the dendrites span the molecular layer and are densely covered with spines, which are contacted by parallel fibers of the granule cells. Many features are shared with cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Cartwheel cells stain for GABA and glycine markers, and contact pyramidal, giant and other cartwheel cells through glycinergic synapses.	Pyramidal cell layer of the dorsal cochlear nucles
Cochlear nucleus (dorsal) granule cell	Glutamate		Small excitatory interneuron found in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus that resembles the cerebellar granule cell. The dendrites are short with claw-like endings that form glomeruli to receive mossy fibers. Its axon projects to the molecular layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus where it forms parallel fibers that cross iso-frequency bands. As in the cerebellum they are intermingled with Golgi and unipolar brush cells.	Cochlear nuclear complex
Cochlear nucleus (dorsal) vertical cell	Glycine	tuberculoventral cell vertical cell corn cell	Intrinsic neuron found in the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, whose cell bodies and dendrites are intermingled among the basal dendritic trees of pyramidal cells. Their dendrites are smooth and lie in the plane of an isofrequency sheet; in sections in standard planes, parts of the dendrites are cut so they appear to be oriented vertically, perpendicular to the plane of the layers. They are inhibitory and use glycine as a neurotransmitter.	Dorsal cochlear nucleus (deep layer)
Cochlear nucleus (ventral) D cell	Glycine	D multipolar cell type II (Cant 1981) onset-chopper responses to tones radial stellate wide-band inhibitor	One of two types of multipolar or stellate cells, D stellate cells are glycinergic inhibitory neurons named for having an axon that projects dorsalward into the dorsal cochlear nucleus and that exits through the intermediate acoustic stria to innervate the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Axons have widespread collaterals in the ventral cochlear nucleus and in the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus.	Ventral cochlear nucleus
Colliculus inferior intrinsic cell	GABA	small GABAergic (SG) neurons	It is not established that there are "pure" local interneurons of which axons are restricted in the inferior colliculus (IC). However, even after a large injection of retrograde tracer into the medial geniculate body (MGB), a main target of IC projection, most small GABAergic neurons, which lack dense excitatory axosomatic terminals, were not labeled with the tracer. On the other hand, large GABAergic neurons send axons to the MGB.	Inferior colliculus
Hippocampus CA1 ivy neuron	GABA	CA1 ivy cell ivy cell	Ivy cells are highly abundant GABAergic interneurons when compared to basket, bistratified, or axo-axonic cells. "Ivy" cells are named after their dense and fine axons innervating mostly basal and oblique pyramidal cell dendrites. They express nitric oxide synthase, neuropeptide Y, and high levels of GABAa receptor aplha1 subunit and they are also identified as slow-spiking interneurons that regulate the excitability of pyramidal cell dendrites through slowly rising and decaying GABAergic inputs.	CA1 stratum pyramidale
Hippocampus CA1 stratum oriens neuron		vertical cells (Lacaille and williams 1990)	CA1 stratum oriens neuron is a neuron, which is characterized as an interneuron by inhibiting pyramidal cells through the activation of GABAa (Traub et al., 1987a) with soma located in CA1 stratum orines and alveus, dendrites extending into all strata (Lacaille and williams, 1990) and axons covering a wide area in the transverse direction, projecting onto basal dendrites and soma of pyramidal cells and other interneurons (Lacaille et al., 1987) in the hippocampus.	CA1 stratum oriens CA1 alveus
Hypoglossal nucleus GABA neuron	GABA	hypoglossal GABA neuron	Neuron in hypoglossal nucleus characterized by a small spindle shaped or fusiform soma	Hypoglossal nucleus
Mushroom body (Honey bee) Kenyon cell	FMRFamid	mushroom body intrinsic neuron	A Kenyon cell is an intrinsic neuron of the mushroom body. Its cell body is situated in the soma rind of the calyx of the mushroom body. The primary neurite originates in the soma layer and projects to the calyx neuropil.Here it divides into a dendritic tree and an axon. The latter projects into the mushroom body peduncle and lobes.	Soma rind
Neocortex Martinotti cell	GABA	Martinotti cell		Neocortex layer 2 Neocortex layer 3 Neocortex layer 5
Neocortex bipolar cell		Bipolar dendrite cell Cortical bipolar cell		Neocortex
Neocortex bouquet double cell		Double Bouquet Cell	Type of inhibitory cortical interneuron that provides inhibitory innervation of pyramidal neurons. Most commonly described in primates; may be absent in rodent (DeFelipe et al., 2001).	Neocortex
Neocortex primary motor area stellate layer 4 cell	Glutamate		This basic type of neuron in the neocortex is characterized by a spherical cell body giving rise to multiple spiny dendrites radiating in many directions. .	Mostly neocortical layer 4
Neocortex stellate smooth cell		Cortical Smooth Stellate Cell	A non-pyramidal neuron class found primarily in layer IV of mammalian neocortex characterized by relatively smooth dendrites (While and Rock, 1980).	Neocortex layer 4
Neostriatum GABA interneuron	GABA	neostriatum GABA interneuron	There are several different categories of GABA interneurons in the Neostriatum, and their categorization is not complete. Well established types include the parvalbumin-containing fast spiking interneuron, the somatostatin/NPY-containing low threshold spiking interneuron, the NPY-containing neurogliaform neuron, and a calretinin-containing GABAergic interneuron.	Striatum
Neostriatum SOM/NOS cell	GABA Somatostatin Neuropeptide Y	striatal SOM/NOS interneuron SOM/NOS interneuron neostriatum SOM/NOS interneuron LTS cell PLTS cell somatostatin/nitric oxide synthase interneuron		Striatum
Neostriatum cholinergic cell	Acetylcholine	Giant cholinergic interneuron Striatal cholinergic interneuron large striatal aspiny neuron cholinergic striatal neuron Neostriatum cholinergic interneuron Neostriatum giant cell of Kolliker Neostriatal cholinergic interneuron Aspiny type 1 neuron	Large cholinergic interneuron in the caudate nucleus and putamen, extensive axon collaterals terminate on striatal medium spiny neurons	Striatum
Neostriatum gaba/parvalbumin interneuron	GABA	GABA/parvalbumin striatal interneuron fast-spiking interneuron FS Cell	A type of interneuron located in the striatum that stain intensely for GABAergic markers and for parvalbumin. The cells are medium sized with round somata and smooth, sometimes varicose dendrites. The axonal arborization banches extensively and often forms baskets on the somata of the spiny neurons. Intracellular staining studies suggest that these cells may be divided into two subgroups epending on whether their dendrites and axons ramify within 100-150 um of the soma or are more extended (up to 300 um) Adapted from The Basal Ganglia, Chapter 9, Shepherd, G. M. The synaptic organization of the brain, 5th ed, New York: Oxford University Press.	Striatum
Olfactory bulb (accessory) glomerular layer cell	GABA Dopamine	Glomerular layer cell periglomerular cell	Small intrinsic neuron in the glomerular layer of the accessory olfactory bulb, with cell bodies surrounding the olfactory glomerulus. Equivalent to the periglomerular cell of the main olfactory bulb, but the glomeruli are less clearly differentiated. The cell body is 6-8 um in diameter, from which arises a short bushy dendrite that arborizes within a glomerulus, where it receives synaptic input from olfactory receptor cell axon terminals, and engages in dendrodendritic interactions with mitral/tufted cell dendrites. The axon distributes laterally within the extraglomerular region. Shepherd, Chen, Greer. Olfactory bulb. In The synaptic organization of the brain, ed 5 New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.	Olfactory bulb Olfactory bulb accessory nucleus Olfactory bulb accessory glomerular layer
Olfactory bulb (accessory) granule cell	GABA	Accessory olfactory bulb granule neuron Accessory olfactory bulb granule cell	The main intrinsic neuron in the accessory olfactory bulb in the mammalian central nervous system. It resembles the granule cell in the main olfactory bulb, including the lack of an axon. Each cell gives rise to short central dendrites and a single long apical dendrite that traverses the granule cell layer, pierces the mitral cell body layer, and branches and terminates within the external plexiform layer among the lateral dendrites of mitral and tufted cells. The dendrites receive synaptic input from mitral and tufted cell dendrites, and have synaptic outputs to those dendrites through reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses. Shepherd, Chen, Greer. Olfactory Bulb. In The Synaptic Organization of the Brain, ed 5. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. The AOB granule cells are replaced in the adult through ongoing neurogenesis in the subventricular zone	Olfactory bulb (accessory) granule cell layer Olfactory bulb (accessory) mitral cell body layer
Olfactory bulb (main) Blanes cell	GABA	Blanes Cell Olfactory bulb (main) deep short axon cell short axon cell	Large, stellate-shaped short axon cell in the granule cell layer of the main olfactory bulb.	Olfactory bulb main granule cell layer
Olfactory bulb (main) adult-born granule cell	GABA		The olfactory bulb adult-born granule cell is a cohort of cell that comprise a large fraction of the vertibrate olfactory bulb granule cell layer. These neurons proliferate from from the subventricular zone, migrate through the rostral migratory stream and integrate into the olfactory bulb granule cell layer. Upon arriving in the olfactory bulb granule cell layer they migrate radially outward and mature with morphologies similar to neonate olfactory bulb granule cells. This process continues throughout the adult life of the vertibrate. There is some decline in adult neurogenesis in aged vertebrates and the presence of the subventricular proliferative zone is controversial in humans	Olfactory bulb main granule cell layer
Olfactory bulb (main) granule cell	GABA	Granule cell of olfactory bulb Olfactory granule neuron	The main intrinsic neuron in the vertebrate olfactory bulb. It lacks an axon. Each cell gives rise to short central dendrites and a single long apical dendrite that traverses the granule cell layer, pierces the mitral cell body layer, and branches and terminates within the external plexiform layer among the lateral dendrites of mitral and tufted cells. The dendrites receive synaptic input from mitral and tufted cell lateral dendrites, and have synaptic outputs on those dendrites through reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses. Shepherd, Chen & Greer. Olfactory Bulb. The Synaptic Organization of the Brain, ed 5. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.	Olfactory bulb main granule cell layer Olfactory bulb main mitral cell body layer
Olfactory bulb (main) periglomerular cell	GABA Dopamine	Periglomerular neuron Olfactory bulb periglomerular cell	Small intrinsic neuron in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, with cell bodies surrounding the olfactory glomerulus. The cell body is 6-8 um in diameter, from which arises a short bushy dendrite that arborizes within a glomerulus, where it receives synaptic input from olfactory receptor cell axon terminals, and engages in dendrodendritic interactions with mitral/tufted cell dendrites. Occasionally, bitufted PG cells connected to two glomeruli are seen. The axon distributes laterally within the extraglomerular region, extending as far as 5-10 glomeruli away. Some PG cells appear to lack axons. Subtypes may be identified based on their biochemical constituents.	Olfactory bulb main glomerular layer
Olfactory bulb main tufted cell external	Cholecystokinin	external tufted cell olfactory bulb external tufted cell external tufted neuron		Olfactory bulb main glomerular layer
Olfactory cortex horizontal cell	GABA	Horizontal cell (olfactory) olfactory horizontal cell	Medium-size interneuron in the superficial layer I of the olfactory cortex, with dendrites oriented parallel to the surface, and axon descending to layer II. They presumably receive excitatory input from the LOT fibers and are inhibitory in layer II.	Piriform cortex layer 1 Olfactory cortex
Olfactory cortex small globular cell	GABA		A small stellate cell with globular somata found in all layers of the piriform cortex.	Olfactory cortex
Olfactory epithelium main supporting cell	Glutamate	sustentacular cell supporting cell sustentacular main olfactory epithelium supporting cell	So called supporting or sustentacular cell, that spans the depth of the olfactory epithelium, with cell bodies in an approximate layer near the surface, and microvilli extending into the overlying mucus. The cytoplasm contains large dense granules that are released into the mucus. Their electrophysiological properties are similar to those of glial cells (high membrane potential, low input resistance). They are coupled with each other through gap junctions.	Olfactory epithelium middle layer
Olfactory tubercle Islets of Calleja dwarf neuron			The olfactory tubercle (anterior perforated substance in primates) contains clusters of cells appearing as caps made up of small cells surrounded by pyramidal cells, identified originally as "islets of Calleja" by Calleja (1893) and summarized by Cajal (1911).	Islands of Calleja
Retina Retina narrow-field AII amacrine cell			This subtype of amacrine (no axon) cell "sends a thick stalk to the ON level of the inner plexiform layer where it arborizes richly to collect chemical synapses from rod bipolar terminals" (Sterling and Demb, Syn Org of the Brain, p. 223). It also has numerous gap junctions with cone ON bipolar cell terminals.	Retinal inner nuclear layer
Retina amacrine cell	GABA Glycine Dopamine	Amacrine Neuron type II Type II Amacrine cell	Cell in the inner plexiform layer of the retina, consisting of multiple dendrites and no axon. It makes synaptic connections with bipolar cell terminals and ganglion cell dendrites, as well as other amacrine cell dendrites. Amacrine II cells have gap junctions with bipolar terminals and other amacrine cells, which are switched on for night time vision.	Retina inner plexiform layer
Retina bipolar cell	Glutamate	Retinal Bipolar Neuron retinal bipolar cell	Small cell in the retina with one peripheral process connecting to terminals of photoreceptors and horizontal cells and the other process connecting to dendrites of ganglion cells and amacrine cells. It provides the straight-through pathway for visual responses from photoreceptors to ganglion cells. Several varieties are related to specific processing pathways. O	Retina inner nuclear layer
Retina horizontal cell	GABA	horizontal cell (retina)	Cell in the external nuclear layer whose processes receive connections from the photoreceptors and make connections with photoreceptors and bipolar terminals in the external plexiform layer. In the cat, one type of horizontal cell has only dendrites; another type has a dendritic arborization and a long axon and large axonal arborization, each of which has independent inputs and outputs.	Retina external plexiform layer
Retina midget bipolar cell	Glutamate	Midget cell Retina bipolar cell midget	Small cell with short bipolar processes that transmit from cone photoreceptors to midget ganglion cells.	Retina inner nuclear layer
Retina photoreceptor L cone cell	Glutamate	Retina photoreceptor cone L	Photoreceptor with peak spectral sensitivity at 570 nanometers, i.e. relatively long wavelengths ("L") mediating blue color, compared with green (M for medium) and blue (S for short) cones.	Retina outer nuclear layer
Retina photoreceptor M cone cell	Glutamate	M-cone cell Retina photoreceptor cone M	Photoreceptor with peak spectral sensitivity at 550 nanometers, i.e. relatively medium wavelengths ("M") mediating green color, compared with blue (S for short) and red (L for long) cones.	Retinal outer nuclear layer
Retina photoreceptor S cone cell	Glutamate	Retina photoreceptor cone S	Photoreceptor with peak spectral sensitivity at 420 nanometers, i.e. relatively short wavelengths ("S") mediating blue color, compared with green (M for medium) and L (for red) cones.	Retina photoreceptor layer
Retina photoreceptor cone cell	Glutamate	Cone cell cone retinal cone	One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. (MSH)	Retina outer nuclear layer
Retina photoreceptor rod cell	Glutamate	rod cell rod retinal rod photoreceptor	One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. Primarily used in night vision. Rods significantly outnumber cones. The photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.	Retina outer nuclear layer
Retina thick dendrite horizontal cell	Not known	H cell	One of two types of horizontal cell, it has thick dendrites and apparently no axon. It connects to other horizontal cells and to cone terminals. These cells are extensively interconnected by gap junctions (electrical synapses) as well as to cone terminals. They have wide receptive fields.	Retina outer nuclear layer
Retina thin dendrite horizontal cell			One of two types of horizontal cell, with thin dendrites and a long very thin axon ending in a profuse arborization. There is classical evidence that the dendrite connects to cones and axon arborization connects to rods, and that the axon does not support an action potential but serves to separate the two arborizations. However, this issue is under investigation. This cell type has a narrow receptive field and connects weakly to other horizontal cells.	Retinal inner nuclear layer
Spinal cord dorsal horn substantia gelatinosa islet neuron		islet cell Spinal cord substantia gelatinosa islet cell	Neuron found in substantia gelatinosa of spinal cord. Perikarya were found throughout layer II. Most of their dendrites traveled rostrocaudally. Their dendritic arbors were shaped like cylinders with their long axes parallel to the long axis of the spinal cord. Islet cell axons arborized in the immediate vicinity of their dendritic territories, within layer II. Islet cells had one or more dendrites that demonstrated a characteristic branching pattern in which the dendrite bifurcated with one daughter branch continuing in the same direction as its parent while the other daughter branch curved back towards the perikarya. Islet cells in deep lamina II (lamina IIb) did not respond to noxious stiumuli whereas those in lamina IIa (outer lamina II) specifically responded to noxious stimuli.	Substantia gelatinosa
Spinal cord ventral horn interneuron Renshaw	Glycine	Renshaw cell Renshaw interneuron		Spinal cord ventral horn
Spinal cord ventral horn interneuron V0		V0 interneuron		Spinal cord
Spinal cord ventral horn interneuron V0C	Acetylcholine	V0c interneuron spinal cord V0c interneuron	Spinal cord ventral horn V0 interneuron that expresses Pitx2 and use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter	Spinal cord
Spinal cord ventral horn interneuron V1		V1 interneuron		Spinal cord
Spinal cord ventral horn interneuron V2		V2 interneuron	Spinal cord ventral horn interneuron derived from an Lhx3+ progenitor cell	Spinal cord ventral horn
Spinal cord ventral horn interneuron V2b			Type of V2 spinal cord ventral horn interneuron chacterized by GATA2/3	Spinal cord ventral horn
Spinal cord ventral horn interneuron V3	Glutamate	V3 interneuron	Spinal cord ventral horn interneuron derived from the Nkx2.2 p3 progenitor cell domain (Stepian and Arber, Neuron 60:1, 2008)	Spinal cord ventral horn
Taste bud type 1 cell	Unknown			Tongue Palate Epiglottis
Taste bud type 3 cell	Serotonin GABA Norepinephrine
Thalamus medial geniculate nucleus interneuron small	GABA	medial geniculate Golgi IIa cell medial geniculate small interneuron	Type of small thalamic interneuron

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Comment	Note that the use of interneuron is not consistent between the invertebrate and vertebrate communities xref: BAMSC961
CurationStatus	pending final vetting +
Definition	A neuron whose axonal projections do not leave the anatomical region in which its cell soma lies.
Id	nlx_cell_1003113 +
Label	Intrinsic neuron +
ModifiedDate	9 April 2010 +
SuperCategory	Defined neuron class +
Synonym	local circuit neuron +, and interneuron +