A major task is to find the neuronal codes of internal representations of memory items and the mapping rules between the levels of gene expression/proteins synthesis and the level of cognitive processing. Novel combinations of approaches, including multiple single-cell recording technology, patch-clamp electrophysiology, neuroanatomy/neurochemistry at the cellular and subcellular levels, and computational models are employed to test specific hypotheses about that mapping process (such as local circuit anatomy and activity-dependent short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity). Collaborations within the Institute allows the group to also incorporate gene targeting methods and behavioral learning/memory tests in their methodological repertoire.