Cell Types With Definitions
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| Definition | Synonym | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accessory olfactory bulb mitral cell | |||
| Alpha Tanycyte | |||
| Amacrine cell | Amacrine Neuron | ||
| Aplysia cerebral ganglion metacerebral cell | |||
| Astrocyte | A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane. The cell body of an astrocyte spans 10-20 microns and its processes radiate out for another 20-30 microns. Astrocytes stain for the intermediate filament GFAP. Astrocytes are recognized in the transmission electron microscope by their irregular shape, numerous glycogen granules, a relatively clear cytoplasm and bundles of intermediate filaments (adapted from MSH and Synapse Web)., A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury (MSH). | Astroglial cell | |
| Autonomic motor neuron | |||
| Basalis nucleus cholinergic neuron | |||
| Basket cell (cortical) | cortical basket cell cortical basket neuron | ||
| Bergmann Glial Cell | Type of radial astrocyte in the cerebellar cortex that have their cell bodies in the Purkinje cell layer and processes that extend into the molecular layer, terminating with bulbous endfeet at the pial surface. Bergmann glia express high densities of glutamate transporters that limit diffusion of the neurotransmitter glutamate during its release from synaptic terminals. Besides their role in early development of the cerebellum, Bergmann glia are also required for the pruning or addition of synapses. | Bergmann glia Bergmann astrocyte radial epithelial cell |
Core:Definition modified from Wikipedia by MM. According to Reichenbach and Wolberg the Bergmann glia should be considered a type of radial astrocyte but some do not consider this a type of astrocyte |
| Beta Tanycyte | |||
| Betz Cell | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz_cell | ||
| Bipolar Progenitor Cell | A type of NG2 positive cell that resemble oligodendrocyte precursors | ||
| Bipolar dendrite cell | |||
| Bushy cell | Type of neuron in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus characterized by two to four primary dendrites, < 200 um in length, which branch profusely, giving the cell a "bushy" appearance. The cell somas of these neurons have been described as "spherical" in the anterior division of the AVDC and "globular" in the posterior division of the AVDC. These two subclasses are also distinguished on the basis of their connections. The principle inputs are from the auditory ganglion cells via the end bulbs of Held. | Bushy neuron | |
| CA1 pyramidal cell | CA1 pyramidal neuron | ||
| CA2 pyramidal cell | |||
| CA3 pyramidal cell | CA3 pyramidal neuron | ||
| CD133 positive stem cell | |||
| Candelabrum cell | candelabrum neuron | ||
| Capillary Endothelial Cell | |||
| Cardiac Muscle Cell | Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (myoblasts, cardiac (MSH). | cardiac myocyte | |
| Caudate nucleus matrix medium spiny cell | Striatal matrix spiny neuron that is located in the matrix compartment of the caudate nucleus | ||
| Cerebellar Basket Cell | Intrinsic cell residing in the inner third of the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Axons extend laterally, transverse to the folium, and densely innervate the somata of Purkinje neurons. Axon collaterals of the basket cell axon form the specialized terminal plexus, the "pinceau", around the Purkinje cell axon initial segment. Llinas, Walton and Lang. In: The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. 5th ed. 2004. | ||
| Cerebellar Golgi Cell | Large intrinsic neuron located in the granule layer of the cerebellar cortex that extends its dendrites into the molecular layer where they receive contact from parallel fibers. The axon of the Golgi cell enters ramifies densely in the granule layer and enters into a complex arrangement with mossy fiber terminals and granule cell dendrites to form the cerebellar glomerulus. Llinas, Walton and Lang. In The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. 5th ed. 2004. | Cerebellar Golgi neuron | |
| Cerebellar Stellate Cell | Multipolar neuron found in cerebellar molecular layer. | Cerebellar stellate neuron | |
| Cerebellar granule cell | Small, numerous neuron in the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex, characterized by a small soma, 5-8 um in diameter, and of 3-5 short dendrites (< 30 um long) which terminate with claw shaped endings. In the transmission electron microscope, these cells are characterized by a darkly stained nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. The axon ascends into the molecular layer where it bifurcates to form parallel fibers which run parallel to the long axis of the folium. Llinas, Walton and Lang. Cerebellum. In The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. 5th ed. 2004. | Cerebellar granule neuron | This is a duplicate with ID: sao1736323572 |
| Cerebellum Lugaro cell | Type of neuron found in cerebellar granule cell layer characterized by a fusiform cell body with thick, horizontally oriented dendrites. Lugaro cells are located in or slightly below the Purkinje cell layer outermost edge of the granular layer. | ||
| Cerebellum Purkinje cell | Principal neuron (projection neuron) of the cerebellar cortex; cell bodies arranged in a single layer; characterized by a pear-shaped cell body, 1 (rarely 2) primary dendrites and an elaborate dendritic tree heavily invested with dendritic spines. | Purkinje neuron Purkinje's corpuscles Cerebellar Purkinje neuron |
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| Chandelier-type cell | |||
| Chemosensory receptor | Chemosensory receptor neuron | ||
| Chestnut cell | Type of intrinsic neuron found in the granule cell layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus., Type of intrinsic neuron found in the granule cell layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus., Type of intrinsic neuron located in the granule cell layer of the cochlear nucleus, characterized by a small (~10 um) cell body and 1-2 stubby dendrites emerging from one side of the soma, ending in a terminal tuft. Finger-like projections emerge from both the dendritic tuft and the soma. The cell gets its name from the irregular surface of the cell soma, characterized by numerous scallops, blebs and other protrusions, giving it the appearance of a chestnut. At the ultrastructural level, the cell body and proximal dendrites are rich in Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes with a large, centrally located pale nucleus with a smooth nuclear membrane. Although it resembles the unipolar brush cell in some respects, it is differentiated by the gradual tapering of the primary dendrites in the transition from the cell soma and the fact that every protuberance of the dendrite is "prominantly synaptic" according to Weedman et al. (1996). It is a target of mossy fiber synapses. | Chestnut neuron | |
| Cholinergic Striatal Neuron | Large cholinergic interneuron in the caudate nucleus, putamen and nucleus accumbens. These neurons are the only projection neurons of the striatum. | Giant cholinergic interneuron Striatal cholinergic interneuron large striatal aspiny neuron |
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| Cholinergic nucleus basalis neuron | Cholinergic nucleus basalis cell; Nucleus basalis polyhedral neuron | ||
| Choroid Epithelial Cell | Cuboidal shaped epithelial cell forming one of the components of the choroid plexus (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991). | ||
| Chromaffin cell | A cell located primarily in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. , A cell located primarily in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. , A cell located primarily in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. | ||
| Ciliary Ganglion Neuron | |||
| Cochlear (dorsal) nucleus granule cell | Small cell found in the cochlear nucleus that resemble cerebellar granule cells and appear to be developmentally related to them. THeir axons project to the molecular layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus where they form parallel fibers. | ||
| Cochlear (dorsal) nucleus pyramidal neuron | Bipolar neuron found in dorsal cochlear nucleus, whose cell bodies form a band in the pyramidal cell layer. Pyramidal cells are characterized by a spiny apical dendritic tree in the molecular layer and a smooth basal dendritic tree in the deep layer. The basal dendrites have few branches and receive inputs from the auditory nerve. The densely spiny apical dendrites are contacted by parallel fibers. | fusiform cell Dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal cell |
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| Cochlear (ventral) nucleus multipolar cell | Multipolar neuron located in the ventral cochlear nucleus with multiple long dendrites extending from the cell soma. Two subclasses are recognzed based on their alignment with auditory nerve fibers. Both types have axon collaterals that terminate locally near the cell soma. | ||
| Cochlear (ventral) nucleus octopus cell | Large neuron located in the "octopus cell containing region" of the posteior division of the ventral cochlear nucleus with an oriented dendritic tree that is shaped like an octopus. The orientation is perpendicular to auditory nerve fibers. | ||
| Cochlear Hair Cell | |||
| Cochlear Inner Hair Cell | A bulbous cell that is medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated.(MSH) | ||
| Cochlear Outer Hair Cell | Mechanoreceptor cells in the organ of Corti. In mammals the outer hair cells are arranged in three rows which are further from the modiolus than the single row of inner hair cells. The motile properties of the outer hair cells may contribute actively to tuning the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the cochlea. (MSH) | ||
| Cochlear nucleus (dorsal) cartwheel cell | Type of neuron found in the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Their cell bodies lie in the pyramidal cell layer and their dendrites span the molecular layer and are densely covered with spines contacted by parallel fibers. They share many features with cerebellar Purkinje neurons. These cells stain for GABA and glycine markers and contact pyramidal, giant an dother cargwheel cells through glycinergic synapses. | Cartwheel neuron | |
| Cochlear nucleus (ventral) bushy cell | |||
| Cochlear nucleus (ventral) globular bushy cell | |||
| Cochlear nucleus (ventral) spherical bushy cell | |||
| Cortical Bipolar Cell | Type of VIP containing neuron found in the visiual cortex. | ||
| Cortical Pyramidal Neuron | Pyramidal neuron from the cerebral cortex (not including hippocampus). | Neocortical pyramidal cell Neocortical pyramidal neuron Cortical pyramidal neuron |
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| Cortical Pyramidal cell | Cortical pyramidal neuron | ||
| Cortical Smooth Stellate Cell | A non-pyramidal neuron class found primarily in layer IV of mammalian neocortex characterized by relatively smooth dendrites (While and Rock, 1980). | ||
| Cortical Spiny Stellate Cell | A non-pyramidal neuron class found primarily in layer IV of mammalian neocortex characterized by a high density of dendritic spines (While and Rock, 1980). | ||
| Cortical Stellate Cell | |||
| D multipolar cell | |||
| DCN Gabaergic cell | deep cerebellar nucleus GABAergic cell | ||
| DCN glutamatergic cell | deep cerebellar nucleus glutamatergic cell | ||
| DRG pain cell | DRG pain cell | ||
| Deep interneuron | |||
| Dentate gyrus granule cell | The dentate gyrus granule cell is the only principal cell of the dentate gyrus. | Dentate gyrus granule neuron Granule cell of dentate gyrus |
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| Displaced amacrine cell | |||
| Dorsal root ganglion cell (nifext 84) | Large cell located in the dorsal root ganglion with a single process that extends into the periphery and into the spinal cord. These neurons convey sensory information from the body. | Dorsal root ganglion neuron | Please remove the (nifext 84) extension in the preferred label; duplicate classes have been deleted |
| Dorsal spinocerebellar tract cell | |||
| Dorsal swim interneuron | One of three serotonergic neurons on the dorsal surface of the Tritonia cerebral ganglion. Projects an axon contralaterally to the pedal ganglion. Fire stereotypical bursts of action potentials during a swim motor pattern. | Cerebral Serotonergic Poster Neuron | There are three DSIs: DSI-A,B,C. DSI-B and DSI-C are indistinguishable from each other. |
| Dorsal tegmental nucleus medium cell | Medium sized neuron located in the dorsal tegmental nucleus pars ventralis characterized by an oval, oblong or round shaped cell soma, an irregularly shaped oblong nucleus with one or rarely two nucleoli and an indented nuclear envelope. The somatic surface is smooth with no smatic spines. any organelles are present in the cytoplasm, including well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum forming Nissl bodies. | Dorsal tegmental nucleus medium neuron | |
| Dorsal tegmental nucleus small cell | Small neuron located in the pars dorsalis of the dorsal tegmental nucleus characterized by a spindle or oval shaped neuronal somata, an irregularly-shaped deeply indented nucleus with a prominent nucleolus surrounded by a small rim of cytoplasm containing mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus (not well developed) and rough endoplasmic reticulum. These cells stain lightly in Nissl preparations. No somatic spines are observed on the cell soma. | Dorsal tegmental nucleus small neuron | |
| Double Bouquet Cell | Type of inhibitory cortical interneuron that provides inhibitory innervation of pyramidal neurons. Most commonly described in primates; may be absent in rodent (DeFelipe et al., 2001). | ||
| Double cone cell | |||
| EC stellate II | |||
| Endothelial Cell | |||
| Entorhinal cortex pyramidal cell | provides the major input into the dentate gyrus in a unidirectional perforant path | sources: PMC2492885, | |
| Ependymal Cell | A neurectoderm derived cell that lines the neural lumen (Cell Ontology)., An epithelial cell lining the walls of the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord that secret cerebral spinal fluid. (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991). | We are not sure whether ependymal cells should be considered a type of ependymoglial cell | |
| Ependymoglial Cell | A type of nerve cell characterized by bipolar shape and endfeet that contact a basal lamina around blood vessels, and/or the pia mater or vitreous body of the eye and additionally contact the ventricular surface or sub-retinal space. (Reichenbach and Wolburg, 2nd edition, 2005) | ||
| Epithelial Cell | Cell that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (epithelium) or masses (MSH). | ||
| Eye Photoreceptor Cell | |||
| Fibroblast | a large, flat, oval cell found in connective tissue and responsible for the formation of fibers | ||
| Fibrous Astrocyte | Astrocytes characterized by high content of intermediate filaments and few vellous processes; often found in white matter. | ||
| Flexor reflex afferent interneuron | FFA interneuron | ||
| Gaba/parvalbumin interneuron | A type of interneuron located in the striatum that stain intensely for GABAergic markers and for parvalbumin. The cells are medium sized with round somata and smooth, sometimes varicose dendrites. THe axonal arborization banches extensively and often forms baskets on the somata of the spiny neurons. Intracellular staining studies suggest that these cells may be divided into two subgroups epending on whether their dendrites and axons ramify within 100-150 um of the soma or are more extended (up to 300 um) Adapted from Shepherd, G. M. The synaptic organization of the brain, 5th ed, New York: Oxford University Press. | GABA/parvalbumin striatal interneuron | |
| Giant cell | |||
| Glial Cell | A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. | neuroglial cell | (Reichenbach and Wolburg) |
| Globose cell | A type of neural stem cell in the olfactory epithelium | Globose basal cell | |
| Globular Bushy Cell | |||
| Globus pallidus intrinsic cell | |||
| Globus pallidus principle cell | |||
| Glomerular layer cell | |||
| Golgi II cell | |||
| Golgi cell | |||
| Gracilis Nucleus intrinsic cell | |||
| Gracilis Nucleus principle cell | |||
| Hair cell | Definition: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system (MSH). | ||
| Hair follicle cell | |||
| Hilar cells | |||
| Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neuron | Pyramidal neuron has a soma located in CA1. | ||
| Hippocampal CA2 Pyramidal Neuron | |||
| Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Neuron | |||
| Hippocampal Pyramidal Neuron | |||
| Hippocampal basket cell (many types) | Hippocampal basket neuron | Please remove the "Many types" from the label sources: PMC2492885, | |
| Hippocampal pyramidal cell | Hippocampal pyramidal neuron hippocampal pyramidal neuron |
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| Hippocampus CA2 pyramidal cell | Hippocampal pyramidal neuron whose cell soma resides in hippocampal cytoarchitectural field CA2 | ||
| Horizontal cell (olfactory) | |||
| Horizontal cell (retina) | retinal horizontal cell | ||
| IA ganglion cell | |||
| IB ganglion cell | |||
| IB interneuron | |||
| II Oligodendrocyte | Interfascicular oligodendrocyte which can support myelin volumes of approximately 500 cubic microns and is associated with small diameter axons | ||
| II Oligodendrocyte (nifext 166) | |||
| II ganglion cell | |||
| II interneuron | |||
| IV Oligodendrocyte | |||
| Inferior colliculus intrinsic cell | |||
| Inferior colliculus principle cell | Inferior colliculus principal neuron | ||
| Interfascicular Oligodendrocyte | White matter oligodendrocytes that may be aligned in rows (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991). | ||
| Interlaminar Astrocyte | Glial cell type unique to primates which extend long processes throughout cortical lamina forming pallisades. | We need to create an object property that allows us to assign taxonomy information to classes that are only seen in certain taxa | |
| Interplexiform amacrine cell | |||
| Islets of Calleja Gaba interneuron | Islands of Calleja Gaba interneuron | ||
| Islets of Calleja dopamine cell | Islands of Calleja dopamine cell | ||
| L-cone cell | |||
| Large field ganglion cell | |||
| Large interneuron thalamic | |||
| Layer 2 3 Pyramidal Neuron | |||
| Layer 2-3 pyramidal cell | corticocortical cell superficial pyramidal cell |
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| Layer 3 Pyramidal Neuron | Pyramidal neuron whose cell soma resides in layer 3 of neocortex. | ||
| Layer 5 Pyramidal Neuron | Pyramidal neuron whose cell soma resides in layer 5 or whose connectivity patterns resemble layer 5 neurons. | ||
| Layer 5-6 polymorphic cell | polymorphic cell | ||
| Layer 5-6 pyramidal cell | deep pyramidal cell | ||
| Leech swim (dorsal) interneuron | |||
| Locus coeruleus NA neuron | |||
| Locus coeruleus noradrenergic neuron | |||
| M-cone cell | |||
| Macroglial Cell | macroglial cell | SAO classifies Schwann cells as a type of macroglia; Cell Type Ontology includes only astrocytes and oligodendroglia | |
| Macrophage | A mononuclear phagocyte which differentiates from monocytes, is typically resident in a particular tissue, and capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells (Cell Ontology). | ||
| Magnocellular neurosecretory cell | Hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory cell Hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory neuron Magnocellular secretory neuron |
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| Main olfactory bulb granule cell | An intrinsic neuron located in the olfactory bulb in the mammalian central nervous system. They lack an axon. Each cell gives rise to short central dendrites and a single apical dendrite that traverses the granule cell layer, pierces the mitral cell body layer, and branches and terminates within the external plexiform layer among the lateral dendrites of mitral and tufted cells. The dendrites receive information from mitral and tufted cell dendrites, and send information to those dendrites through reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses. Shepherd, G. M. The synaptic organization of the brain, ed 5 New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. | Granule cell of olfactory bulb Olfactory granule neuron |
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| Main olfactory bulb mitral cell | Principal neuron located in the olfactory bulb in the mammalian central nervous system. The cell bodies are arranged in a thin mitral cell body layer between the granule cell layer and the external plexiform layer. Each mitral cell is characterized usually by a single primary dendrite that traverses the external plexiform layer and terminates within an olfactory glomerulus in a tuft of branches where they receive input from the axons of olfactory receptor neurons. Axons of the mitral cells transfer information to a number of areas in the brain, including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and amygdala. Shepherd, G. M. The synaptic organization of the brain, ed 5 New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. | Mitral neuron | |
| Marginal Astrocyte | Astrocytes lying close to the pia mater that may form several layers of endfeet. They also extend several smooth long processes into the neuropil. They are located on the borders between neuronal and non-neuronal tissue | There is some discussion about whether all marginal glia are astrocytes. | |
| Martinotti cell | |||
| Medium complex ganglion cell | |||
| Medium ganglion cell | Type of neuron found in the electric lateral line organ of mormyrid fishes. According to Bell et al. (2008), this type of neuron is not found in the ELL of gymnotid fish. These neurons share many properties with Purkinje neurons; they use GABA as a neurotransmitter and their dendrites are densely covered with spines. Unlike Purkinje neurons, they also have basilar dendrites. (adapted from Bell et al., Cerebellum-linke structures and their implications for cerebellar function. Annu Rev Neurosci 31: 1-24, 2008). | Medium ganglion neuron | |
| Medium simple ganglion cell | |||
| Medium spiny cell | Medium spiny neuron Neostriatal spiny neuron Medium-sized spiny neuron Striatal spiny neuron |
This class is duplicated in NIF | |
| Meissner's corpuscle cell | |||
| Meninges Cell | Cell that comprises the meninges | This needs to be extensively investigated | |
| Merckel disc cell | |||
| Metacerebral cell | Largest Serotonergic Neuron in the anterior portion of the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia. This neuron has axons that project to the buccal ganglion. | Giant Serotonergic Neuron | |
| Microglial Cell | A small, migratory, phagocytic, interstitial cell of hematopoietic origin found in the central nervous system. Microglial cells are of various forms and may have slender branched processes. | microglia | |
| Midget cell | |||
| Mossy cell | hilar mossy cell | ||
| Muller Cell | Specialized glial cell of the retina whose processed span the full thickness of the retina. Its cell body, recognized in electron micrographs by its dark cytoplasm and by its polygonal shape, lies in the deeper regions of the inner nuclear layer. Its processes reach the choroid layer outwardly and inwardly extend to ensheath the ganglioin cells and terminate on the vitreal surface as endfeet. (Shepherd, G. The synaptic organization of the brain, Ed 5, pg 231 | We classify this differently from the cell type ontology, as a type of radial glia rather than as a type of astrocyte. We need to look at this again. | |
| Muller cell (nifext 168) | |||
| Muscle Cell | Mature contractile cells, commonly known as myocytes, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal (muscle fibers), cardiac (myocytes, cardiac), and smooth (myocytes, smooth muscle). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called myoblasts (MSH). | myocyte | |
| NG2 Cell | |||
| NOS interneuron | somatostatin/nitric oxide synthase interneuron striatal SOM/NOS interneuron |
I am assuming that this is a striatal neuron class. If not, it should be deleted as we do not classify based on neurotransmitter alone | |
| NOS interneuron | somatostatin/nitric oxide synthase interneuron striatal SOM/NOS interneuron |
I am assuming that this is a striatal neuron class. If not, it should be deleted as we do not classify based on neurotransmitter alone | |
| Neocortex Cajal-Retzius cell | Neurons of the human embryonic marginal zone which display, as a salient feature, radial ascending processes that contact the pial surface, and a horizontal axon plexus located in the deep marginal zone. These cells were first described by Retzius (Retzius, 1893, 1894) (see the cell labelled 'Retzius, 1893' in Fig. 1). There is consensus that homologous elements are present in the non-primate neocortex, where their morphology is much simpler, as initially described in 1891 by Cajal (Fig. 2) (Cajal, 1891). \\nThe definition of these cells has remained somewhat confusing, in part because Cajal and Retzius studied different species and different developmental stages, and also because their original publications have not been generally available. Meyer et al (1999)prefer to define 'Cajal\\u2013Retzius cells' loosely, as the family of Reln-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the marginal zone, and reserve the term of pioneer neurons for the early, Reln-negative preplate derivatives that settle in the MZ and project to sub-cortical levels. Adapted from Meyer et al. (1999) | ||
| Neocortex chandelier cell | Type of cortical interneuron characterized by a bitufted appearance, with groups of dendrites extending from the upper and lower poles of an elongate cell body, but some cells have a more multipolar configuration. | Cortical chandelier cell | |
| Nervous System Cell | Neuroepithelial cell | ||
| Neural Stem Cell | Embryonic cell that develops into a neuron or glial cell (CSP). | Nerve stem cell | |
| Neurocortex chestnut cell | |||
| Neurogliaform cell | |||
| Neuron | The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Neurons are polarized cells with defined regions consisting of the cell body, an axon, and dendrites, although some types of neurons lack axons or dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. Neurons can be classified a number of different ways: anatomical, physiological, and developmental. Anatomical classes are defined first by the location of the neuron in the nervous system. Neurons are further distinguished from each other by features which include dendritic and axon morphology. Anatomical features also include synaptic connectivity (inputs and outputs) and molecular phenotype(the particular neurotransmitters, receptors, and ion channels expressed by a neuron). Neurons can be classified by their physiological properties. This includes their general function (Sensory, motor, interneuron). Functions can also include whether the neuron is a relay neuron or a local interneuron or whether it is involved in sensory processing or correction of motor responses. Physiological actions can also include the firing properties of the neuron (bursting, tonic, quiescent). Developmental classifications of neurons are based upon the lineage that the cell derives from. The number of neurons in a particular class can vary over orders of magnitude from individual neurons in some classes to millions of neurons in other classes. | neurone nerve cell neuron cell |
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| Nucleus of the Solitary Tract intrinsic cell | |||
| Nucleus of the Solitary Tract principle cell | |||
| Off cell | |||
| Olfactory bulb (main) periglomerular cell | Small intrinsic neuron found in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, surrounding the olfactory glomerulus. The cell body is 6-8 um in diameter, from which arises a short bushy dendrites that arborizes within a glomerulus to receive synaptic input from olfactory receptor cell axon terminals, and engage in dendrodendritic interactions with mitrl/tufted cell dendrites. Occasionally, bitufted PG cells that connect to two glomeruli are seen. The axon distributes laterally within the extraglomerular region, extending as far as five glomeruli away. Some PG cells appear to lack axons. Subtypes may be identified based on their biochemical constituents. (Shepherd, G. M. The synaptic organization of the brain, ed 5 New York: Oxford University Press, 2005) | Periglomerular neuron | Suggest that the name of this, here and in the neurolex wiki list, should be changed to "olfactory bulb (main) periglomerular cell", to be consistent with the other olfactory bulb cells. |
| Olfactory bulb (main) tufted cell (middle) | Principal neuron located in the outer third of the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb in the mammalian central nervous system. Each tufted cell is characterized by usually a single short primary dendrite that traverses the outer external plexiform layer and terminates within an olfactory glomerulus in a tuft of branches, where it receives the input from olfactory receptor neuron axon terminals. Differentiated from external tufted cells. Axons of the tufted cells transfer information to a number of areas in the brain, including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and amygdala. Shepherd, G. M. The synaptic organization of the brain, ed 5 New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. | Olfactory bulb (main) tufted cell (middle) | |
| Olfactory bulb accessory granule cell | Accessory olfactory bulb granule neuron Accessory olfactory bulb granule cell |
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| Olfactory bulb accessory mitral cell | |||
| Olfactory ensheathing cell | Type of glial cell found in the peripheral olfactory nerve with properties of both astrocytes and Schwann cells | This definition needs work | |
| Olfactory receptor neuron | olfactory receptor cell olfactory receptor |
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| Oligodendrocyte | A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as satellite cells, perineuronal of ganglia) according to their location. They form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system (MSH). | oligodendroglia | |
| Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell (sao1213292244) | |||
| Oligodendrocyte precursor cell | |||
| On cell | |||
| Oxytocin producing magnocellular neurosecretory cell | |||
| Pacinian corpuscle cell | |||
| Paracapsular intercalated cell | GABA containing interneuron that occur in densely packed clusters located in and around the border of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus and the external capsule. These cells are characterized by a small soma and a poorly developed short dendrite and their occurrence in tightly packed groups. Two distinct subtypes have been proposed by Marowsky et al (Neuron 48:1025, 2005) based on location and morphology. | These neurons are notable among GABA cells for their lack of calbindin and parvalbumin and other typical constituents of GABA interneurons. I propose that we include a "lacks" property, as endorsed by OBO relations because I suspect that this will also be an important way we distinguish among classes. | |
| Parasol cell | |||
| Pars reticulata principle neuron | |||
| Parvalbumin interneuron | A type of interneuron located in the striatum that stain intensely for GABAergic markers and for parvalbumin. The cells are medium sized with round somata and smooth, sometimes varicose dendrites. THe axonal arborization banches extensively and often forms baskets on the somata of the spiny neurons. Intracellular staining studies suggest that these cells may be divided into two subgroups epending on whether their dendrites and axons ramify within 100-150 um of the soma or are more extended (up to 300 um) | GABA/parvalbumin striatal interneuron | |
| Parvalbumin interneuron | A type of interneuron located in the striatum that stain intensely for GABAergic markers and for parvalbumin. The cells are medium sized with round somata and smooth, sometimes varicose dendrites. THe axonal arborization banches extensively and often forms baskets on the somata of the spiny neurons. Intracellular staining studies suggest that these cells may be divided into two subgroups epending on whether their dendrites and axons ramify within 100-150 um of the soma or are more extended (up to 300 um) Adapted from Shepherd, G. M. The synaptic organization of the brain, 5th ed, New York: Oxford University Press. | GABA/parvalbumin striatal interneuron | |
| Pectin Glial Cell | A specialized glial cell in the pectin oculi of avians, located at the interface between the optic nerve head and the vitreous body. These cells produce pectin. | Need to associate this with avians | |
| Pericyte | slender, contractile, mesenchymal-like cell found in close association with capillary walls. They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells. (From OBO Cell Type Ontology). | Need to modify this definition to include morphology | |
| Perineurial Cell | |||
| Perineuronal Oligodendrocyte | Oligodendrocyte found in gray matter in close association with neurons (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991). | It is unclear to us whether perineuronal oligodendrocytes should be considered a separate class. | |
| Perivascular Astrocyte | Astrocytes that are virtually devoid of neuron contacting processes that form extensive endfoot contacts to blood vessels. They have been found in rabbit and human retina but also occur elsewhere in the brain. (Reichenbach and Wolberg) | ||
| Perivascular Macrophage | |||
| Photoreceptor Cell | A cell specialized to detect and transduce light (MESH). | ||
| Pial Cell | |||
| Pigment Epithelial Cell | Located in the sub-retinal space, these cells form the sub-retinal blood-brain barrier and contain light-absorbing melanin pigment granules | There is a visual pigment cell in the cell type ontology but we are not sure if this is the same cell | |
| Pinealocyte | Main cell of the pineal gland known to secrete melatonin. | ||
| Pituicyte | |||
| Polymorphic cell | |||
| Precursor Cell | progenitor cell | ||
| Principal Cells Medial Nucleus Trapezoid Body | Properties derived from Gersdorff and Borst (2002). | This is a duplicate class. It should be deleted and mapped to nifext_79 | |
| Proprioception intersegmental cell | |||
| Protoplasmic Astrocyte | Astrocyte characterized by spongy appearance and many vellous processes; often found in gray matter. | GluT Astrocyte Passive Astrocyte |
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| Putamen matrix medium spiny cell | Striatum matrix medium spiny cell located in the matrix compartment of the putamen | ||
| Pyramidal Cell | Projection neuron in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation and some other brain regions. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region (MSH). | Pyramidal neuron | |
| Pyramidal basket cell | |||
| Pyramidal cell basolateral amygdalar nucleus | |||
| Pyramidal cell corticomedial amygdalar nucleus | |||
| Radial Astrocyte | A type of astrocyte with a radial orientation commonly found in spinal cord and brain of lower vertebrates and sometimes in the optic nerve of mammals. One process abuts the pial surface and the other extends through significant thicknesses of neural tissue. (Reichenbach and Wolberg) | ||
| Radial Glial Cell | A transient cell present only in the developing CNS. Functions as both a precursor cell and as a scaffold to support neuronal migration (Cell Ontology). | radial glial cell | |
| Renshaw cell | |||
| Retina stellate cell aspiny | Aspiny cortical stellate neuron aspiny cortical stellate cell |
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| Retinal Bipolar cell | Retinal Bipolar Neuron | ||
| Retinal Cone Cell | One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. (MSH) | Cone cell | |
| Retinal Ganglion Cell | Retinal Ganglion Neuron | ||
| Retinal Rod Cell | One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision. | rod cell | |
| Rhombic lip stem cell | |||
| S-cone cell | |||
| SOM cell | somatostatin containing cell | This class should be deleted. We only use neurochemicals to identify a specific type of cell, not general classes of cells. | |
| SOM/NOS interneuron | striatal SOM/NOS interneuron somatostatin/nitric oxide synthase interneuron |
I am assuming that this is a striatal neuron class. If not, it should be deleted as we do not classify based on neurotransmitter alone | |
| Satellite Cell | Schwann cell that apposes or encapsulates neuronal perikarya (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991). | ||
| Scarpa's ganglion cell (vestibular nerve) | Auditory ganglion neuron 8th nerve ganglion neuron Auditory ganglion cell |
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| Schwann Cell | Neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system which form the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons (MSH). | Note that the cell type ontology does not consider Schwann Cells to be macroglia | |
| Short axon cell | A large, stellate shaped short axon interneuron found in the granule cell layer of the main olfactory bulb. | Blanes Cell Olfactory bulb main short axon cell deep |
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| Skeletal Muscle Cell | |||
| Slarson | This is the neuron in the central nervous system responsible for the sense of "consciousness" | Really important neuron | |
| Small complex ganglion cell | |||
| Small interneuron thalamic | |||
| Small pyramidal neuron | |||
| Small simple ganglion cell | |||
| Smooth Muscle Cell | Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (myoblasts, smooth muscle) (MSH). | non-striated muscle cell | |
| Spherical Bushy Cell | |||
| Spinal cord intermediate horn motor neuron sympathetic | |||
| Spinal cord ventral horn interneuron IA | |||
| Spinal cord ventral horn motor neuron | Large, multipolar neuron found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and in cranial nerve motor nuclei in the brain stem that innervate muscle. | motoneuron | |
| Spindle neuron | |||
| Spiny bipolar cell | |||
| Spiny stellate cell | Cortical stellate cell cortical stellate neuron | ||
| Starburst amacrine cell | |||
| Stellate cell cortical | cortical stellate cell layer 4 stellate cell |
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| Striated Muscle Cell | |||
| Striatum matrix medium spiny cell | Striatal medium spiny cell that is located in the striatal matrix compartment | Striatal matrix medium spiny cell | |
| Striatum patch medium spiny cell | |||
| Sub-ependymal Astrocyte | Large astrocyte that forms a layer that lies beneath the ependymal layer. | ||
| Subependymal Astrocyte | |||
| Subiculum pyramidal cell | Pyramidal neuron whose cell body is located in the subiculum | ||
| Substania nigra pars reticulata interneuorn GABA | substantia nigra pars reticulata GABA interneuron Substantia nigra pars reticulata GABA neuron |
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| Substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic cell | substantia nigra dopaminergic cell | ||
| Substantia nigra pars reticulata interneuron | SNpr interneuron | ||
| Substantia nigra pars reticulata principal cell | Substantia nigra pars reticulata principal neuron | ||
| Superficial interneuron | |||
| Supporting cell | sustentacular cell | ||
| Synantocyte | NG2 cell characterized by a differentiated, stellate appearance that lack expression of most differentiated glial cell-type specific markers. | According to some, synantocytes are equivalent to NG2 cells. According to others, they are the predominant NG2 cell found in the post-natal animal, but are distinct from bipolar progenitory cells. | |
| T multipolar cell | |||
| Tanycyte | Specialized elongated ventricular ependymal cell that has processes that extend to the outer, or pial, surface of the CNS. Resemble spongioblasts seen in developing brain. Found in the adult brain in the third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, spinal canal and floor of the fourth ventricle. | Stretch cells | |
| Taste Bud Type 1 cell | |||
| Taste Bud Type 2 cell | |||
| Temperature cell | |||
| Thalamic reticular neuron | thalamic reticular cell | ||
| Thalamus relay cell | Relay cell Thalamic relay neuron |
It looks like there are multiple ways to classify thalamic relay cells: morphology, projections and physiology. Needs careful review by experts. I favor morphology. | |
| Trapezoid body intrinsic cell | |||
| Trapezoid body medial nucleus principal cell | Properties derived from Gersdorff and Borst (2002). | ||
| Trapezoid body principal cell | Trapezoid body principal neuron | ||
| Trigeminal Nucleus intrinsic cell | |||
| Trigeminal Nucleus principle cell | |||
| Type I/II Oligodendrocyte | Interfascicular oligodendrocyte which can support myelin volumes of approximately 500 cubic microns and is associated with small diameter axons | ||
| Type I/II Oligodendrocyte (nifext 166) | |||
| Type III IV Oligodendrocyte | Interfascicular oligodendrocyte which can support myelin volumes of approximately 30,000 cubic microns (up to 150,000 cubic microns) and is associated with large diameter axons. | ||
| Type III/IV Oligodendrocyte | |||
| UV-cone cell | |||
| Unipolar brush cell | A type of cell in the cerebellar cortex, first described in 1977 by Altman and Bayer, characterized by a single dendrite ending in a small brush consisting of a number of small dendrites called dendrioles. Unipolar brush cells are found in primarily in the granular cell layer and most concentrated in lobule IX, the flocculus, the nodulus and the ventromedial zone of the paraflocculus. Their somata are larger than granule cells but smaller than Golgi cells. They are known to stain for calretinin. | Unipolar brush neuron | There are apparently two distinct populations of UBC's staining for calretinin and mGluR1 alpha respectively |
| Vascular Cell | Cells that form the blood vessels of the body. | ||
| Vascular Endothelial Cell | Endothelial Cell | This cell class is not contained in the Cell Type Ontology | |
| Vasopressin producing magnocellular neurosecretory cell | |||
| Velate Astrocyte | A protoplasmic astrocyte with extremely thin veil-like (vellous) processes. | ||
| Ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron | Ventral tegmental area DA cell | ||
| Ventricular Cardiac Muscle Cell | Cardiac muscle cell comprising the ventricles | ventricular myocyte | |
| Vertical Cell | Type of intrinsic neuron found in the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, whose cell bodies and dendrites are intermingled among the basal dendrtici trees of pyramidal cells. Their dendrites are smooth and are flattened in the plane of the isofrequency sheet so that in a coronal section, they appear to be oriented vertically, perpendicular to the plane of the layers. They are inhibitory and use glycine as a neurotransmitter. | tuberculoventral cell | |
| Vestibular Hair Cell | A mechanoreceptor cell located in the acoustic maculae and the semicircular canals that mediates the sense of balance, movement, and head position. The vestibular hair cells are connected to accessory structures in such a way that movements of the head displace their stereocilia. This influences the membrane potential of the cells which relay information about movements via the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem. | ||
| Vestibular ganglion cell | Vestibular ganglion neuron Scarpa's ganglion cell |
