Subcellular Parts Table

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The table below is automatically generated by a query that lists subcellular parts

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Overview


A

B

C

D

E

F

G

G cont.

H

I

J

L

M

N

O

P

P cont.

R

S

T

V



Detail

Definition Synonym
Actin Filament A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane (Gene Ontology).
Active Zone Cytomatrix Filamentous matrix immediately internal to the plasma membrane docking zone (Zhai and Bellen, 2004).
Active Zone Dense Projection Electron dense projection extending from the cytomatrix into the cytoplasm on which synaptic vesicles are tethered (Zhai and Bellen, 2004).
Active Zone Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane juxtaposed to the PSD where synaptic vesicle fusion occurs (Zhai and Bellen, 2004).
Age Associated
Amorphous Vesicle Category of non-SER vesicle described by Clooney et al. (2002) in dendrites, categorized by smooth membranes, electron-lucent interiors and irregular shapes. Sometimes occurrs in clumps. These vesicles contained gold taken up from the extracellular space, suggesting that they may be part of the endosomal pathway.
Apical Dendrite
Astrocyte Process Refers to processes of astrocytes extending from the cell soma that wrap around neurons and conform to cellular components in the neuropil.
Autolysosome A type of secondary lysosome in which a primary lysosome has fused with the outer membrane of an autophagosome. It is involved in the second step of autophagy in which it degrades contents with acidic lysosomal hydrolases. Autophagolysosome
degrading autophagic vacuole (AVd)
Autophagosome A vesicle with a double membrance derived from the Endoplasmic Reticulum that encloses cytoplasmic material and organelles to be degraded. Its formation is the first step of the process of autophagy. autophagic vacuole
initial autophagic vacuole (AVi)
Axolemma The plasma membrane of an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness (Gene Ontology).
Axon The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals which are the site of storage and release of neurotransmitter (Gene Ontology)., Cell appendage of a neuron that consists of an axon hillock, an axon proper, axon collaterals and an axon terminal (FMA)
Axon Collateral Smaller branches of an axon that emanate from the main axon cylinder.
Axon Hillock Cone shaped elevation from which the axon originates; in Nissl stained preparations, the axon hillock usually can be identified as a region of the perikaryon that is distinguished by a deficiency of Nissl substance (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Axon Terminal The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included (MSH).
Axonal Growth Cone
Axonal Spine Refers to spine that originates from the axon, usually the initial segment (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Barr Body
Basal Body A short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum that is similar in structure to a centriole. The basal body serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth (Gene Ontology).
Basilar Dendrite Basal Dendrite
Branch Point Of Dendrite
Branched Dendritic Spine
Bunina Body Bunina bodies are small eosinphilic granular inclusions that are 1-3 microns in diameter in the anterior horn cells, appearing either singly or in a group. Sometimes they are arranded in small beaded chains. They stain bright red with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, deep blue with phospotungstic acid hematoxylin and blue with Luxol fast blue. They express cystatin C and consist of electron-dense amorphous material that contains tubules or vesicular structures. The amorphous material frequently includes a cytoplasmis island containing neurofilaments and other micro-organelles.
C bouton Synaptic bouton found in spinal cord on the soma and proximal dendrites of motor neurons
C-fiber The axon of dorsal root ganglion cells that are responsive to pain and temperature. C-fibers are small in diameter (0.2-1.5 um) and unmyelinated. , The axon of dorsal root ganglion cells that are responsive to pain and temperature. C-fibers are small in diameter (0.2-1.5 um) and unmyelinated., The axon of dorsal root ganglion cells that are responsive to pain and temperature. C-fibers are small in diameter (0.2-1.5 um) and unmyelinated.
Cajal Body Coiled Body
Calyx
Calyx Of Held
Cell Process
Cell Protrusion
Cell Regional Part Aggregate Object
Cellular Inclusion A nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregate of stainable substances, usually proteins. Inclusion Body
Cellular Membrane
Cellular Subcomponent
Centriole A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle (Gene Ontology).
Chromatin The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms the chromosome (Gene Ontology).
Cilium Cilia arising from neurons have been described in many different regions of the nervous system. Neuronal cilia have a "9+0" pattern, that is, they are missing the central pair of microtubules that characterizes most cilia (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Cis Face of Golgi Apparatus
Classical Lewy Body Eosinophilic cytoplasmic lesion, 5 to 15 micrometers in diameter, with a dense eosinphilic core surrounded by a halo of 10 to 20 nm wide radially oriented alpha-synuclein fibrils. Brainstem Lewy Body
Clathrin Coat A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes (Gene Ontology).
Clathrin Coated Endocytic Vesicle A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance (Gene Ontology).
Climbing fiber Axon of inferior olive neuron that projects to the cerebellar cortex, largely via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. They range in diameter from 1-3 um and are myelinated until they enter the granule cell layer. They give off collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei. They synapse extensively with the dendrites of Purkinje cells in the molecular layer, where each fiber branches repeatedly to "climb" along the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Each Purkinje cell is innervated by only a single climbing fiber.
Coated Pit Specialized sites on the plasma membrane exhibiting a clathrin coat; likely vesicles in the process of pinching off (Conner and Schmid, 2003).
Coated Tip Coated tips of tubular endosomes that appear to be vesicles in the process of budding off (Clooney et al., 2002).
Condensed Chromatin Chromatin that are agglomerated into irregular masses, some attached to the nuclear envelope., A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin (Gene Ontology). heterochromatin
Contractile vacuole A specialized vacuole of eukaryotic cells, especially Protozoa, that fills with water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this externally by the opening of contractile vacuole pores. Its function is probably osmoregulatory.
Core of Lewy Body The center portion of the Lewy Body. In Parkinson's Disease, it contains a matted meshwork of filaments.
Corona of Lewy Body The periphery of the Lewy Body. In Parkinson's Disease, it contains sperical accumulations of filaments arrange in a loose, radiating array. Halo
Cortical Lewy Body Lesion that is less well defined than a Classical Lewy Body and lacks a halo.
Cristae of Mitochondrial Membrane Any of the inward folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane. (Gene Ontology)
Cytoskeletal Element
Cytosol The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components (UMLS).
Dendriole
Dendrite A branching protoplasmic process of a neuron that receive and integrate signals coming from axons of other neurons, and convey the resulting signal to the body of the cell (Gene Ontology)., One of several similar processes that issue from the perikaryon of a neuron, generally specialized for receiving synaptic input from other neurons or transduction of signals from the environment.
Dendritic Branch Refers to dendrites arising from another dendrite.
Dendritic Growth Cone
Dendritic Microtubule
Dendritic Shaft Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines (Gene Ontology).
Dendritic Spine Protrusion from a dendrite. Spines are specialised subcellular compartments involved in the synaptic transmission. They are linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Because of their bulb shape, they function as a biochemical and an electrical compartment. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity (Gene Ontology).
Dendritic Tree The entire complement of dendrites for a neuron, consisting of each primary dendrite and all its branches.
Dense Body An electron dense body, some of which contain granules (Peters, Palay and Webster (1991)
Dense Core Vesicle 40-60 nm vesicle containing an electron dense granule, 15-20 nm in diameter (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Dense Material of Spine Apparatus
Dentate gyrus mossy fibers The granule cells give rise to distinctive unmyelinated axons referred to as mossy fibers by Ramón y Cajal. Granule cell axons
Distal Dendrite
Early Endosome Small irregularly shaped intracellular vesicles to which endocytosed molecules are initially delivered (GO: 0005769).
Endfoot Terminal process of astrocyte abutting non-neuronal surfaces in the brain.
Endocytic Vesicle A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance (Gene Ontology).
Endoplasmic Reticulum The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached) (Gene Ontology).
Endosomal Membrane
Endosomal Subcomponent
Endosome A membrane-bound organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation (GO 0005768).
Ensheathing Process of Schwann Cell Refers to the process of the Schwann cell that surrounds an unmyelinated axon or cell soma.
Excrescence
Extended Chromatin A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin (Gene Ontology). euchromatin
F bouton Synaptic bouton found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord that range in diameter from 0.5 to 7 um and contain flattened or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles in electron microscopic preparations.
Fibrillary Inclusion Cellular inclusion found in cytoplasm of giant cells of Dieters in lateral vestibular nucleus of the rat consisting of circular areas filled with fine slender filaments about 10 nanometers in diameter, delimited by a wall of varying complexity either a single continuous membrane or a tubular network consisting of a fine filamentous material giving the wall a honeycomb appearance. Similar structures have been discribed in the ventral cochlear nucleus, spinal cord, substantia nigra. First described by Sitelo and Palay, 1968. (from Peters, Palay, and Webster)
Filopodium Thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone; usually approximately 0.1 um wide, 5-10 um long, can be up to 50 um long in axon growth cones; contains a loose bundle of about 20 actin filaments oriented with their plus ends pointing outward (Gene Ontology)
Flame-shaped Neurofibrillary Tangle
Free Ribosome
Gemmule spine-like process found on some neurons, e.g., periglomerular cells of olfactory cortex
Glial Cytoplasmic Inclusion A glial cytoplasmic inclusion is a pathological hallmark of multiple system atrophy. GCIs are non-membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions composed of 10-40 nm granule-coated fibrils. These inclusions have an abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein.
Glial Filament
Glial Inclusion Argyrophilic Glial Inclusion
Glial Limiting Endfoot Process of astrocyte that extends to the surface of the central nervous system. Together, they form the glial limiting membrane or glial limitans.
Glycogen Granule Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface (Gene Ontology). Appears as small, electron dense particles 20-40 nm in diameter. Glycogen is difficult to fix in vivo so amounts may be underestimated (Peters, Palay and Webster).
Golgi Apparatus A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the RER and directing them to secretory vesicles, lysosomes, or the cell membrane. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990) (MSH) golgi cisternae
Golgi Lamellae
Golgi Subcomponent
Golgi-associated Vesicle Any vesicles associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell (Gene Ontology).
Granular Vesicle Vesicle of varying size, but usually larger than 45 nm, that has an electron dense "granular" core, associated with noradrenergic and peptidergic cells.
Hippocampal mossy fiber Axon of dentate gyrus granule cell projecting to hippocampal area CA3, characterized by expansions (mossy fiber expansions) giving the fibers a mossy appearance.
Hippocampal mossy fiber expansion Synaptic expansion of hippocampal mossy fiber axon that makes contact with the thorny excrescences of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cell dendrites mossy fiber expansion
Hyaline Inclusion Pale eosinophilic inclusions with halos in H&E (hematoxylin and eosin) preparations. Pale body
Hypolemmal Cisternae of SER Specialized part of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum that closely underlies the plasma membrane, usually within 60 nm or closer (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Initial Segment Portion of the axon proximal to the neuronal cell body, at the level of the axon hillock. The action potentials that propagate along the axon are generated at the level of this initial segment (Gene Ontology).
Inter-Golgi Transport Vesicle A vesicle that mediates transport of cargo within the Golgi complex (for example, between cisternae of the Golgi stack) (Gene Ontology).
Interchromatin Granule A class of nuclear body measuring 20-25 nm in diameter and distributed throughout the interchromatin space, linked together by thin fibrils. They are believed to be storage centers for various snRNAs, snRNPs, serine/arginine-rich proteins and RNA polymerase II. A typical mammalian cell contains 25-50 clusters of interchromatin granules. Interchromatin granule clusters do not contain the heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding proteins (hnRNPs) (Gene Ontology).
Intermediate Filament (sao952483289) A distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of higher eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: keratin filaments of mammalian epithelial cells; desmin filaments found in cells of muscles of all types; vimentin filaments found in mesenchymal cells; neurofilaments of neurons; and glial filaments found in all types of glial cells (Gene Ontology).
Internode Axon
Intracellular Membrane
Juxta Paranode Axon Region of axon immediately adjacent to the paranode.
Lamellar Body Membranous inclusions composed of stacks of unperforated cisternae derived from the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Cisternae are spaced at intervals of about 30-40 nm (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Laminated Body
Large Vesicle Vesicles of same size and content of coated vesicles; posited by Clooney et al. (2002) to represent coated vesicles after uncoating.
Late Endosome Late endosomes are vesicular structures that accumulate internalized components after their passage through early endosomes (GO: 0005700).
Lewy Body Neuronal inclusion commonly found in damaged neurons. A spherical mass that dispaces other cells composed of abnormally phosphorylated, neurofilament proteins aggregated with ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein. They are intracytoplasmic. Cytoplasmic Inclusion
Lewy Body-like Hyaline Inclusion In H&E preparations, neuronal LBHIs show an eosinphilic core with a paler peripheral halo, and their name is derived from their H&E staining features, which resemble those of Lewy bodies in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuronal Lewy Body-like Hyaline Inclusions consist of filaments and granular materials, exhibit dense cores with rough preipheral halos and lack a limiting membrane. The filaments of these inclusions are composed of approximately 15-25 nm granule-coated fibrils in association with normal 10-nm neurofilaments.
Lewy Neurite Elongated neuronal process, described in brains of patients with Parkinson's disease, many of which exhibit side branches and have more than one branching point. Stains positively for ubiquitin in brainstem and forebrain regions affected in Parkinson's disease.
Lipofuscin A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to ceroid. It accumulates in various normal tissues and apparently increases in quantity with age (MSH).
Lumen Cargo Refers to cargo carried in the lumen of the vesicle; may be crystalized or otherwise bound, e.g., insulin.
Lysosome Any of a group of related cytoplasmic, membrane bound organelles that are found in most animal cells and that contain a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions (Gene Ontology).
Lytic vacuole A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases.
Main Axon Used to refer to the main axonal trunk, as opposed to the collaterals.
Membrane Bound Organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane (Gene Ontology).
Membrane Bound Ribosome A ribosome that is attached to a intracellular membrane. Does not itself have a membrane surrounding it.
Membrane Cargo Refers to integral membrane proteins carried via the vesicle membrane.
Mesaxon of Schwann Cell Portion of the ensheathing process (either myelin or non-myelin) where the enveloping lips of the ensheathing cell come together so that their apposed plasma membranes run parallel to each other, separated by a cleft 12 nm wide (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Microfilament (sao2006047981) A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane. Reference(s): ISBN 0198506732 PMID 10666339 (GO)
Microtubule (sao1846835077) Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle (Gene Ontology).
Microvilli Of Epithelial Cell
Mitochondrial Adhaerens Complex An adherens plaque attached by filamentous strands to mitochondrion found in large synaptic terminals in the calyx of Held. The peripheral membrane facing the plaque is flattened and faces the synaptic presynaptic membrane (Perkins and Ellisman, 2005). mitochondrial-associated adherens complex
Mitochondrial Chromosome A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell (Gene Ontology).
Mitochondrial Matrix The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes concerned with fatty-acid oxidation and enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Gene Ontology).
Mitochondrial Membrane
Mitochondrial Membrane Inner The inner membrane of the mitochondria. It is highly folded to form cristae (Gene Ontology). The inner membrane of the mitochondria. It is highly folded to form cristae (Gene Ontology).
Mitochondrial Membrane Outer The membrane on the outer surface of the mitochondrion, interfacing with the cell cytoplasm (Gene Ontology).
Mitochondrial Subcomponent
Mitochondrion A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration (Gene Ontology).
Motor endplate Terminal ending of the axon of a motor neuron that forms a synapse onto a muscle cell.
Multivesicular Body A type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm (Gene Ontology).
Mushroom Dendritic Spine
Neck Portion Of Tanycyte Elongated portion of the tanycyte that sticks into the periventricular layer of neuropil where it appears to contact a blood vessel; characterized by numerous cytoplasmic extensions (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Nematosome Cellular inclusions found in cytoplasm that resemble nuclioli and stain with basophilic stains. They are ball-like structures about .9 microns in diameter and lack a limiting membrane. Structurally, they are composed of tightly packed fine filaments attached to them by means of fine filaments that radiate from their periphery. They were first discribed by Grillo in 1970. (from Peters, Palay, Webster)
Neurofibrillary Tangle Intracellular mass of paired, hellically wound protein filaments (PHF) lying in the cytoplasm of neuronal cell bodies and neuritic cell processes. They contain an abnormally phosporylated form of a microtuble associated with protein, tau.
Neurofilament (sao1316272517) A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter (Gene Ontology).
Neuromelanin
Neuron Process Neurite
Neuron Protrusion
Neuronal Cell Body Cell body which consists of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus of the neuron (FMA). Soma
Neuronal cell soma
Neuronal Cytoplasmic Inclusion
Neurosecretory Vesicle Large dense cored vesicles, up to 150-200 nm in diameter found in neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus. The electron dense appearance is dependent upon fixation (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Neurotubule Refers to a microtubule found in a nerve cell. The term "neurotubule" may now be obselete; however, it was used in earlier findings.
Node Of Ranvier Axon Part of axon located at the gaps between adjacent myelin sheaths characterized by a slightly larger diameter than paranodal axon and the presence of a dense coating on the axolemma.
Non Membrane Bound Organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes (Gene Ontology).
Nuclear Body Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins (Gene Ontology).
Nuclear Inner Membrane The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope (Gene Ontology).
Nuclear Lamina Meshwork of extremely fine filaments composed of polypeptides called lamins that run parallel with the inner surface of the nuclear envelope (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991)., The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a cell nucleus, composed of lamin filaments. The polypeptides of the lamina are thought to be concerned in the dissolution of the nuclear envelope and its re-formation during mitosis. The lamina is composed of lamin A and lamin C filaments cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice, which is attached via lamin B to the inner nuclear membrane through interactions with a lamin B receptor, an IFAP, in the membrane (Gene Ontology).
Nuclear Membrane Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space (Gene Ontology).
Nuclear Outer Membrane The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes (Gene Ontology).
Nuclear Pore Any of the numerous similar discrete openings in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined (Gene Ontology).
Nuclear Subcomponent
Nucleolus A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome (Gene Ontology).
Nucleolus-associated Heterochromatin Dense particles of heterochromatin, consisting of a loosely twisted strang ~600 A thick, found associated with the nucleolus (Palay and Chan-Palay, 1974).
Nucleoplasm That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus (Gene Ontology).
Nucleus A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell (Gene Ontology).
Oblique
Oligodendrocyte Compact Myelin The portion of the myelin sheath in which layers of cell membrane are tightly juxtaposed, completely excluding cytoplasm. The juxtaposed cytoplasmic surfaces form the major dense line, while the juxtaposed extracellular surfaces form the interperiod line visible in electron micrographs (Gene Ontology).
Oligodendrocyte Myelin Sheath An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system (Gene Ontology).
Oligodendrocyte Paranodal Termination Cytoplasmic pockets, or as they appear in thin sections "loops" formed by the Schwann cell in the paranodal region. These pockets are actually part of a continuous helical structure providing cytoplasmic continuity from the inntermost to the outermost layers of the myelin sheath through the cytoplasmic channel formed by the loop. Most are directly apposed to the paranodal axonal membrane Paranodal loop
Organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane (Gene Ontology).
Parallel fiber Regional part of a cerebellar granule cell axon referring to the bifurcation of the granule cell axon in the molecular layer into two diametrically opposed branches that are oriented parallel to the long axis of the folium. (adapted from Shepherd, G. M. The synaptic organization of the brain, 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Parallel fibers The axons of granule cells.
Paranode Axon
Pars Fibrosa of Nucleolus Portion of the nucleolus composed of densely matted filaments with scattered dark granules (Palay and Chan-Palay, 1974).
Pars Granulosa of Nucleolus Nucleolar compartment consisting of large numbers of small, extremely dense granules 150-300 A in diameter, suspended in a matting of fine filaments (Palay and Chan-Palay, 1974).
Peri Cellular Basket Ramification of basket cell axon surrounding cell bodies, forming the characteristic peri-cellular baskets from which the cell class derives its name.
Peripheral Astrocyte Process Thin terminal processes of astrocytes found in sheathing, axon terminals, blood vessels, and pial surface of the brain.
Perivascular Endfoot
Peroxisome Resembles lysosomes in appearance (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991). According to the latter, peroxisome is synonymous with microbodies., A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Gene Ontology).
Pial Endfoot of Tanycyte
Pick Body Pick Bodies are composed of numerous tau fibrils arranged in a disorderly array. Tau protein is a major component. Pick bodies also stain for ubiquitin, alpha-synuclein, and apolipoprotein E.
Pigment
Pinceau Fiber Dense plexus formed by the descending collaterals of cerebellar basket cells tha wrap around the Purkinje cell axonal initial segment.
Pinocytic Vesicle
Plasma Membrane The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins (Gene Ontology). cell membrane
plasmalemma
Plasmalemmal precursor vesicle A cytoplasmic vesicle approximately 150 nm in diameter thought to be involved in plasma membrane expansion. Most commonly found in growing axons and dendrites as well as regenerating axons (Pfenninger, Nature Reviews Neurosci 10: 251, 2009)
Post-lysosomal vacuole A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed late in the endocytic pathway when the pH in the vacuole becomes neutral prior to exocytosis.
Post-synaptic Component
Post-synaptic Density Synaptic component; electron dense cytoskeletal specialization located on the post synaptic membrane at the site of synaptic contact. The PSD is particularly prominent in glutamatergic synapses, giving the synapse an asymmetrical appearance. This type of PSD is often referred to as "asymmetrical" or Gray's Type 1 in electron microscopic images (MEMartone).
Pre-synaptic Active Zone Component
Pre-synaptic Component
Pre-synaptic Dense Body Electron dense structure anchored to the presynaptic membrane closely associated with large numbers of synaptic vesicles, which appear to be tethered to the dense body by several short filaments (from Parsons and Sterling, 2003). ribbon
Pre-synaptic Grid A hexagonal array of electron dense particles attched to the cyotplasmic face of the presynaptic membrane, revealed by staining with ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Pre-synaptic Ribbon Dense plate-like structure lying near and perpendicular to the pre-synaptic junction. Usually associated with pre-synaptic vesicles (Peters, Palay, and Webster).
Primary Lysosome A lysosome before it has fused with a vesicle or vacuole (Gene Ontology).
Proximal Dendrite
Pyramidal Neuronal Cell Body
RER Membrane
Recurrent Collateral Axon collateral that ramifies in the area of the soma of the cell of origin.
Regional Part Of Axon (sao280355188)
Regional Part Of Basket Cell Axon Terminal pre-synaptic ending of an axon or axon collateral.
Regional Part Of Cell
Regional Part Of Cell Component
Regional Part Of Dendrite
Regional Part Of Granule Cell Axon
Regional Part Of Neuron neuron compartment
Regional Part Of Neuron Process
Regional Part Of Spiny Dendrite
Ribosome An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins (Gene Ontology).
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The rough (or granular) ER has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae (Gene Ontology). Nissl substance
S bouton Synaptic bouton found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. S boutons range in size from 0.5 to 8 um in diameter and contain spherical synaptic vesicles, as determined by electron microscopy
SER Membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Gene Ontology).
SER Subcomponent
Schaffer Collateral Axon collateral of CA3 pyramidal neurons that project to CA1 and synapse in the zona radiatum.
Schwann Cell Compact Myelin The portion of the myelin sheath in which layers of cell membrane are tightly juxtaposed, completely excluding cytoplasm. The juxtaposed cytoplasmic surfaces form the major dense line, while the juxtaposed extracellular surfaces form the interperiod line visible in electron micrographs (Gene Ontology).
Schwann Cell Microvillus Small finger-like extension of the Schwann cell that contact the nodal membrane but are not closely apposed to each other like the paranodal lops (Sosinsky et al., 2005)
Schwann Cell Myelin Sheath An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system (Gene Ontology).
Schwann Cell Paranodal Termination Cytoplasmic pockets, or as they appear in thin sections "loops" formed by the Schwann cell in the paranodal region. These pockets are actually part of a continuous helical structure providing cytoplasmic continuity from the inntermost to the outermost layers of the myelin sheath through the cytoplasmic channel formed by the loop. Most are directly apposed to the paranodal axonal membrane
Secondary Lysosome Vacuole formed by the fusion of a lysosome with an organelle (autosome) or with a primary phagosome (Gene Ontology).
Sessile Dendritic Spine
Skein-like Inclusion Skein-like inclusions are intracytoplasmic filamentous structures that are frequently encountered in preparations immunostained for ubiquitin. In H&E preparations (staining with hematoxylin and eosin) they are hardly visible or sometimes detected as faintly eosinophilic structures.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The smooth ER has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER (Gene Ontology).
Smooth Membrane Characterized by a nuclear membrane with no indentations.
Somatic Portion of Tanycyte Portion of the tanycyte that lies within the ependyma and contains the nucleus (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Somatic Spine Spine emanating from the cell soma.
Sorting Endosome Multivesicular bodies surrounded by and connected with multiple tubular compartments with associated vesicles. MVB-tubule complexes are posited by Clooney et al. (2002) to correspond to sorting endosomes.
Spine
Spine Apparatus A specialization of the endomembrane system found in some classes of spines consisting of two or more closely apposed lamellae with interspersed dense material.
Spine Head
Spine Mat A configuration of somatic spines found on ciliary ganglion neurons in the embryonic and adult brain consisting of patches of closely spaced spines lying flat against the soma. (Shoop et al., 2000).
Spine Neck pedicle
neck
Spinule
Spiny Bracelet Of Nageotte Paranodal terminations of Schwann cells that do not directly contact the paranodal axon membane. Usually found in thicker myelin. (Sosinsky et al., 2005)
Star-shaped Neurofibrillary Tangle
Storage vacuole A vacuole that functions primarily in the storage of materials, including nutrients, pigments, waste products, and small molecules.
Stubby Dendritic Spine
Subplasmalemmal Coating Electron dense material observed coating the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane in certain regions of a neuron, e.g., the axon initial segment; the nodal membrane at the Node of Ranvier
Subregional Part Of Neuron Process Subcompartment of a compartment.
Synaptic Bouton Terminal pre-synaptic ending of an axon or axon collateral.
Synaptic Component
Synaptic Vesicle Secretory organelles, some 50 nm in diameter, of pre-synaptic nerve terminals; accumulate high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secrete these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the pre-synaptic plasma membrane (Gene Ontology).
Tail Portion of Tanycyte Elongated process, devoid of cytoplasmic extensions, that courses through the hypothalamic nucleis to form small endfoot processes that terminate either on blood vessels or at the pial surface of the brain (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Taxi body postsynaptic dense body of Taxi
postsynaptic dense body
Terminal Loop of Schwann Cell Portion of myelin-forming Schwann cell consisting of terminal cytoplasmic extensions adhered to the axon at the beginning and end of the myelin sheath.
Terminal Specialization
Thin Dendritic Spine
Trans Face of Golgi Apparatus The concave side of the Golgi apparatus, from which secretory vesicles emerge (Gene Ontology).
Trans Golgi Network of Golgi Apparatus A network of membrane compartments, located at the cytoplasmic side of the golgi apparatus, where proteins and lipids are sorted for transport to various locations in the cell or cell membrane (MSH).
Transport Vesicle Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the ER to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, and to destinations within or outside the cell (Gene Ontolgoy). secretory vesicle
Trunk
Tubular Endosome Endosomal component consisting of cylindrical shaped tubues, ~50 nm in diameter, with smooth outer membranes an dark, grainy interiors (Clooney et al., 2002). Clathrin-like protein coats occur at the ends of some tubular compartments.
Tuft The terminal specialization found in some types of dendrites consisting of numerous small terminal branches, giving the dendrite a tufted appearance. dendritic tuft
Vacuole
Vascular Endfoot of Tanycyte
Vellous Process Refers to the fine, veil-like terminal processes of protoplasmic astrocytes.
Vesicle Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane or protein (Gene Ontology).
Vesicle Cargo Refers to the contents contained in the vesicle.
Vesicle Coat Refers to any specialized coating present on a vesicle membrane, e.g., clathrin.
Vesicle Membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell (Gene Ontology).
Vesicle Subcomponent
Vesicular Component of Golgi Apparatus
Retrieved from "http://neurolex.org/wiki/Subcellular_Parts_Table"
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